黔水地1井钻探施工技术难点及对策

总结了桂中-南盘江地区页岩气调查黔水地1井在钻进过程中出现的严重井漏、卡埋钻、起下钻或通井遇阻等技术难点及相应的处理措施。由于钻遇的地层较为复杂,因此综合采取了回填粘土、商砼封堵、顶漏钻进、岩屑打捞、空气钻进、跟管钻进、套管封隔等多种措施进行处理;此外,结合实际工程应用提出了针对该复杂地层的多种钻井液配方,均取得了一定的效果。处理技术难点的过程中所积累的钻探技术和钻井液技术的优化经验能够为日后黔西南复杂构造区页岩气勘探的实施提供一定的参考依据。     

老盐井组井型互换再利用工程实践

水平钻井连通水溶采卤一直是开采井矿盐资源最常用和最经济有效的手段,但由于地层条件复杂、饱和卤水结晶、套管破损等因素造成盐井组采卤运行过程中通道堵塞,一直是制约盐井组运行年限的主要原因。近些年,对堵塞井组修治常用方法有憋压、通井、开窗侧钻,其中水平井开窗侧钻重新对接现有溶腔在很多盐田区块修井中被广泛应用。在河北宁晋石盐田Y2-Y4井组修井过程中,存在老溶腔无法再利用的情况,此时老溶腔成为井组二次对接的“累赘”。在该区块首次采用井组井型互换（水平井改直井,直井改水平井）的方法,避开了老溶腔,实现了老井组的再利用。     

复合动力钻进工艺在干热岩钻井中的应用研究

2011年山东省地矿局在山东省利津县实施了国内第一个干热岩调查评价项目,采用转盘回转钻进,但钻效低、能耗高。为提高在高温硬岩条件下的钻进效率、缩短钻井周期、降低生产成本,2015年在福建省漳州市实施的中国地质调查局东南沿海深部地热HDR-1干热岩科学钻探工程井（井深4000.86 m,孔底温度109 ℃）和2017年在青海省共和县完成的GR1干热岩科学勘探井（井深3705 m,孔底温度236 ℃）,在施工中均探索使用了“转盘+螺杆钻具”复合钻进工艺,并在高温取心段首次测试应用了“转盘+涡轮钻具”复合取心钻进工艺,取得了良好的效果并就下一步研究方向提出了意见和建议,为螺杆钻具和涡轮钻具的深入研究提供了宝贵的高温施工经验,也将为我国干热岩科学钻探与深部地热资源勘探提供新的技术支撑。     

花岗岩风化料弃土快速堆填过程中不排水抗剪强度评估

沿海沿江城市地下开挖产生的工程渣土含泥量大、含水率高且较松散,主要运往渣土场进行堆填处置。由于产量巨大而处置场地有限,许多渣土场在运营过程中存在堆填速度快、缺乏排水设施、超高超库容堆填等问题,容易引发堆填体失稳事故。目前对于非饱和工程渣土堆体在快速堆填过程中的失稳机制认识尚不清晰,尤其是对这一过程中的高饱和度工程渣土强度增长规律缺乏足够的认识。以深圳红坳渣土场填料——花岗岩风化料(CDG)填土为研究对象,对不同初始饱和度土样进行三轴不排水不排气等向压缩和剪切试验,结果表明:非饱和CDG填土不排水抗剪强度随围压增大呈非线性增长,增长速率与试样初始饱和度密切相关;当土样压缩后的饱和度超过0.7,不排水强度随围压的增长速率显著降低。基于有效固结应力法的原理,结合Hilf孔压公式和修正剑桥模型,提出了一种工程渣土不排水抗剪强度估算方法,并通过与试验结果对比验证了该方法对初始饱和度高于0.6的CDG填土的适用性。利用该方法确定的不排水强度cu与正应力σn的关系可应用于高饱和度工程渣土快速堆填中的稳定性分析。     

甘肃通渭“9·14”常河滑坡成因机理

2019年9月14日11时,受多日降雨影响,甘肃省定西市通渭县常家河镇小庄村发生大规模黄土滑坡,体积约800万m³。滑坡造成部分农田、公路及阳坡大桥损毁,直接经济损失约2 347.2万元。在对滑坡现场进行大量地面调查的基础上,通过无人机航拍、现场测绘、走访调查和数值模拟等手段对滑坡的变形破坏特征进行了分析,并在此基础上探讨了其成因机制。结果表明:斜坡体是在震裂、蠕变、软化、水动力等多种条件下按照一定的先后顺序由稳态逐步演化至失稳;该滑坡的失稳演化过程和灾变机制可以概括为原始斜坡(黄土、泥岩二元层状结构)-地震触发(滑坡堆积体、坡体震裂损伤)-蠕变弱化(层间剪切带、裂缝和落水洞扩展)-降雨激发(滑带软化、泥化,水压力作用)-失稳滑动(滑面贯通)5个阶段;由于长期的蠕变和雨水的渗透冲蚀,坡体上的落水洞和地下暗河十分发育,且是控制本次滑坡边界的关键因素;滑坡后缘和前缘变形剧烈,中部变形相对稍弱,推断该滑坡为受地形及地下水作用控制明显的牵引-推移式复合滑坡。     

青海团宝山花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

青海省团宝山花岗岩位于南祁连东段,侵位于古元古代化隆群中。为了解其侵位时代、岩体成因和产出构造环境,利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学测试方法对团宝山花岗岩岩体样品进行分析。获得其锆石U-Pb年龄为(776±8) Ma;该岩体SiO₂、Al₂O₃和K₂O含量较高,而FeO^T、MgO和CaO含量较低,K₂O/Na₂O大于1,富集Rb、Th等元素,亏损Ba、Zr等元素,具明显的负铕异常,表现为轻稀土富集型稀土配分模式。该岩体为分异程度较高的过铝质钙碱性岩,具S型花岗岩特征,为晚元古代中期陆陆碰撞的产物;源岩为泥质岩或杂砂岩,侵位后在晋宁运动末期和加里东运动中期经历过岩浆热事件。     

西湖凹陷杭州斜坡构造差异及其对成藏的影响

杭州斜坡是西湖凹陷油气勘探的新区,构造特征的研究是开展石油地质条件研究的基础。通过对杭州斜坡的结构、主控断裂的演化及其对油气运移控制作用的分析,探讨了斜坡结构差异及其对油气成藏的影响。研究结果表明:杭州斜坡分为北段、中段和南段三个部分,中段断层走向为北北东向,单个断层的延伸长度小但数量多,存在倾向东和倾向西的顺向断层和反向断层。迎翠轩主断裂在平湖组沉积时期持续活动,杭州斜坡中段在平湖组中段下部沉积时期断层活动最强,最大落差达800 m。迎翠轩主断层走向变化、断层两侧砂岩含量和岩性反演结果表明,杭州斜坡中段断层上升盘的砂体发育程度较北段差,封堵性优于北段。关键成藏期(23 Ma和12 Ma)杭州斜坡中段处在有利的油气运移通道之上,迎翠轩主断裂中段在15 Ma后基本不活动,有利于下降盘的油气聚集。     

贵州瓮福磷矿含磷岩系层序特征及黔中古陆控矿意义

新元古代末期震旦系陡山沱阶和早古生代早期寒武系梅树村阶是全球两大成磷时期。贵州瓮福磷矿含磷岩系—早震旦世陡山沱组磷矿a矿层与b矿层,是震旦系陡山沱阶成磷事件的典型代表。瓮福磷矿含磷岩系为在浅水陆棚地区沉积的一套与磷矿有成因联系的岩石组合,属于浅海台地相型;含磷岩系具备早期准备阶段、磷质富集阶段及晚期磷质贫化消失阶段的沉积特征,在纵向上呈三段式递变;以陡山沱组内三段(Z_1d~3)与四段(Z_1d~4)侵蚀间断面分隔,两次海侵旋回造成两次磷质的富集,经生物化学、机械破碎簸选及后期改造形成a、b两层工业磷矿体。瓮福磷矿陡山沱期构造位置位于上扬子陆块东南部,雪峰运动结束冒地槽沉积造就了黔中古陆以及东部半封闭的海湾浅滩。瓮福磷矿陡山沱期处于黔中古陆东缘,东临大海,整体地势西高东低;以黔中古陆为中心,从西到东、由陆向海形成古陆—滨岸—浅海—深海的古地理格局。黔中古陆在陡山沱期两次海侵旋回中,一方面其边缘海湾浅滩为磷质富集提供有利的沉积环境,另一方面其遭受剥蚀和夷平作用后为磷块岩矿床的形成提供含石英、长石、白云石、黏土等矿物的陆源碎屑。通过典型岩相剖面分析,黔中古陆边缘海湾浅滩的沉积环境及岩相直接控制了瓮福磷矿床的形成和分布,其具有重要的控矿意义。     

Geochemistry and Tectonic History of Seamount Remnants in the Xingshuwa Subduction Accretionary Complex of the Xar Moron Area,Eastern Margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

This study focuses on the geology, geochemistry, zircon U-Pb geochronology and tectonic settings of the three types of seamount basalts from the Xingshuwa subduction accretionary complex in the Xar Moron area, eastern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB). The seamount remnants are composed of carbonate 'cap' sediments, large volumes of pillow and massive basalts, carbonate breccia slope facies and radiolarian cherts. Group 1 basalts are characterized by high contents of P2 O5 and TiO2 with alkaline affinity and LREE enrichment, indicating that they are derived from intraplate magma. Group 2 basalts display N-MORB LREE depletion patterns, indicating that they were formed at a mid-ocean ridge. Group 3 basalts have shown distinct Nb depletion and high Th/Yb ratios, indicating that they were generated in an island arc tectonic setting. The zircon U-Pb age of Group 1 basalt sample XWT18-131 is 576.4 ± 9.4 Ma, suggesting that the oceanic island seamount was the product of intraplate magmatism related to a mantle plume or 'hot spot' in the late Neoproterozoic. The zircon U-Pb age of Group 2 basalt sample XWT18-132 is 483 ± 22 Ma, indicating that the Paleo-Asian Ocean(PAO) was continuously expanding in the Early Ordovician. The zircon U-Pb age of Group 3 basalt sample XWT18-101 is 240.5 ± 8.2 Ma, suggesting that this area underwent the evolutionary path of ocean-continent transition, developing towards continentalization during the Middle Triassic. Thus, we believe that there was both mantle plume-related intraplate magmatism and intraoceanic subduction during the evolution of the PAO, the CAOB possibly being an evolutionary model of an intraoceanic subduction and mantle plume magmatism complex.     

Cenozoic Crustally-derived Carbonate-rich Magmatic Rocks in West Junggar,North Xinjiang,Western China: Geochronology,Geochemistry and Tectonic Implications

The carbonate-rich magmatic rocks of West Junggar are distributed in the Baijiantan and Darbut ophiolitic mélanges in the forms of extrusive rocks overlying the mélanges and dykes, either along the margins of the mélange or cross-cutting components of mélanges. Chilled margin and flow structures are present. A SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age of 39.7 ± 1.3 Ma indicates that these carbonate-rich rocks in West Junggar were formed during the Eocene. They have low concentrations in REEs, Th, U, Nb, Ta and are characterized by extremely low εN d(t), high(87 Sr/86 Sr)i ratios, relatively high δ18 OV-SMOW values and high δ13 CV-PDB values, which is similar with most sedimentary carbonates. Furthermore, no contemporaneous mantle-derived silicate rocks have yet been found in West Junggar. The carbonate-rich rocks in West Junggar are thus distinct from mantle-derived carbonatites and are interpreted to result from melting of the Carboniferous sedimentary carbonates at crustal levels, these rocks therefore being referred to as 'crustal carbonatites'. The Eocene crustal carbonatites in West Junggar and other Cenozoic magmatic rocks in North Xinjiang are generally situated along regional strike-slip faults or fault intersections. Therefore, we propose that the reactivation of the Darbut and Baijiantan crustal-scale strike-slip fault zones(ophiolitic mélanges), due to the far-field effects of the Indian-Eurasian collision, enables decompression melting of the underlying continental lithospheric mantle. These resulting melts ascended to the lower crust through the strike-slip faults, causing partial melting of the Carboniferous carbonaceous sediments. The crustal carbonatites in West Junggar provide a new piece of evidence for Cenozoic magmatism in North Xinjiang and are also significant for the investigation of tectono-magmatic relations in North Xinjiang and the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.