西北地区东部一次持续性暴雨的成因分析

分析了西北地区东部一次副高西北侧西南气流型的暴雨过程.结果表明,这次暴雨是中α和中β尺度对流云团引发的强对流性降水.青藏高原云团移到川西北后出现更新,老云团消亡时在其前方有新云团生成.冷锋云带到达甘肃河东地区后,其前缘也触发对流云团,受四川盆地强水汽输送带影响,新云团一般生成在水汽输送带左侧.强雨区产生在冷锋云带与对流云团结合时,对流云团的发展是水汽输送及天气系统辐合和有利的局地环境条件如双层对流不稳定加地形等多因子综合作用的结果.区域性暴雨出现在冷锋云带与对流云团叠加区,这里降水效率高.强雨区大多位于对流云团的西北或东北部与冷锋云带结合处.     

2008年初持续雨雪灾害过程分析

利用地面实况资料与长沙单站探空等观测资料,对2008年1月中下旬至2月上旬初发生在湖南的低温、雨雪、冻雨灾害天气过程的影响实况和成因进行了分析.结果表明:中高纬阻高的建立、崩溃、重建导致其前部的鄂霍茨克海低涡不断引导冷空气南下,是产生低温、雨雪、冻雨的大气环流背景;南支锋区上强盛的西南气流带来了充沛的水汽,与北支锋区上南下的冷空气结合时,出现了持续的冻雨,当冻雨形成后逆温的强弱、融化层厚度及暖层温度高低、冷却层厚度、700 hPa西南气流强弱、日平均气温与日雨量的变化都与冻雨厚度变化密切相关;当高空南支有低槽分裂东移,中低层西南大风核上强烈的水汽辐合与阻高崩溃横槽转竖带来的冷空气共同作用影响时,为南方大范围暴雪过程提供了动力、水汽和凝结条件.     

可持续发展背景下的黑碳减排

 黑碳气溶胶是环境大气中浓度较低的一种气溶胶粒子组分,因其对光的吸收作用,及其对空气质量和人体健康的影响,而成为当前国际气候变化和环境研究中关注的热点问题之一。本文围绕黑碳的减排问题,介绍黑碳的来源、全球分布,讨论全球温室气体减排和区域空气质量控制对黑碳减排的影响,综述控制和改善燃烧条件、减少开放式生物质燃烧和黑碳封存等减排黑碳的措施。文章还分析了黑碳未能成为全球减排共识的原因,并对中国有关黑碳减排的政策选择提出了建议。     

淳安杨梅岛"6·23" 雷击事件的调查分析

目前,对于船舶及船上人员的雷电防护措施极其缺乏,国家相关规范也没有明确的规定和指导,安全隐患极大.本文通过对一起船舶雷击事件的调查,从地理环境、天气情况和船只结构等方面,分析此次雷击事件的成因,并提出了一些船舶雷电防护措施.     

电力行业温室气体排放核算方法体系研究

调研了主要发达国家的温室气体清单编制方法和国内相关经验,结合我国电力行业特点和温室气体清单编制目标、尺度、方法等,提出以IPCC推荐的详细技术为基础的第二类(T2)方法为主,更精确的第三类(T3)方法为辅的我国电力行业温室气体清单编制方法的基本原则;借鉴国外温室气体排放核算的优良做法,结合我国电力行业实际情况,对我国电力行业温室气体清单编制进行实体分类和分析,根据清单编制的范围、定义和数据可得性等建立符合我国国情的电力行业温室气体清单编制方法体系框架。     

青岛垭口—八仙墩变质海相碎屑岩的属性和构造意义

青岛垭口—八仙墩变质海相碎屑岩分布面积大,保留了原生的各种沉积构造,为一套浊积岩系,应归属于扬子板块上奥陶统,建议命名为八仙墩组。浊积岩系中的砾岩含花岗质砾石、角闪岩砾石和长英质砾石,可以为复原上奥陶世扬子板块大陆边缘沉积环境和研究物源区大地构造背景提供良好的研究素材。岩石地球化学成份判别为硬砂岩和页岩,也佐证了本套地层为浊积岩系。弱的Ce/Ce~*负异常,说明了海相沉积成因,也表明陆源碎屑物对沉积岩的主导作用。(Fe_2O_3+MgO)-TiO_2图解、La-Th-Sc图解和Th-Sc-Zr/10图解表明本套碎屑岩具有活动大陆边缘背景和大陆岛弧的共同特征,但从比较高的La丰度、Ce丰度和∑REE丰度,可以判断八仙墩碎屑岩为活动大陆边缘背景下发育的浊积岩系。通过露头的构造地质分析,推断本套地层是在扬子板块陆壳物质向华北板块下深俯冲过程期间或其后扬子板块陆壳上部盖层继续向华北板块仰冲就位的,在超高压变质岩折返时经历了由北向南的逆冲。本套碎屑岩明确指示在南黄海盆地深部应该有古生界奥陶统的地层,盆地深部的同一套地层应该具有油气储层和盖层的性能。     

Nitrogen as the carrier gas for helium emission along an active fault in NW Taiwan

Variations of He gas concentration are widely applied in studies devoted to the location of faults and to monitor seismic activities. Up to now, its migration mechanism in soil is not fully understood. A systematic soil gas survey across an active fault in NW Taiwan provides the opportunity to closely examine the mechanism of He migration in the fault zone. Significant spatial and temporal correlations observed between soil N₂ and He gas support the hypothesis that N₂ is the probable carrier gas for He emission in the studied area. Based on N₂/Ar ratios and N₂ isotopic results, the excess soil N₂ in this study is considered to be largely derived from ancient atmospheric air which was dissolved in groundwater. Furthermore, observations rule out the possibility of CO₂ being the dominant carrier gas for He in the studied area based on the C and He isotopic compositions and the relationship between concentrations of these gases. At least two soil gas sources, A and B, can be identified in the studied area. Source A is an abiogenic gas source characterized by excess N₂ and He, and very low O₂ and CO₂ content. Source B, on the other hand, is a mixture of biogenic gas and atmospheric air. The development of the fault system is an important factor affecting the degree of mixture between sources A and B. Therefore, variations of soil gas composition, in particular those derived from source A, could be a useful proxy for tracing faults in the area.     

Confined pyrolysis of Tertiary lacustrine source rocks in the Western Qaidam Basin,Northwest China: Implications for generative potential and oil maturity evaluation

The parameter S₁ + S₂ (genetic potential) of Rock-Eval analysis is widely used as an evaluation of the genetic potential for the source rocks. Oligocene–Miocene saline lacustrine source rocks in the western Qaidam basin have low total organic C contents (TOC), most around 0.5% with a few exceptions >1.0%. Mineral matrix effects are substantial for source rocks with low TOC, resulting in relatively low S₁ and S₂ peaks. Based on the results of confined pyrolyses (sealed Au capsules) on 6 Oligocene–Miocene source rocks from the western Qaidam basin, with TOC ranging between 0.48% and 2.22%, the relationship between the S₁ + S₂ parameter and the maximum amount of extracted bitumen or saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons (SA) after the confined pyrolysis has been established as follows: bitumen (mg/g rock) = 1.4924 × (S₁ + S₂) + 0.3201 (r = 0.987), or SA (saturates + aromatics) (mg/g rock) = 0.7083 × (S₁ + S₂) + 0.4045 (r = 0.992). Based on these formulas, the amounts of hydrocarbons generated from source rocks can be reasonably estimated. The typical crude oils with low biomarker maturities in this region appear substantially different to the pyrolysates of these six rocks at 180–300 °C but comparable to the pyrolysates at 320 °C and higher temperatures based on molecular parameters. This result, in combination with the physical and gross compositions of the crude oils, suggests that the majority of these crude oils were generated from the source rocks during the main oil-generative stage, possibly at a maturity higher than R_o 0.74%.     

满洲里南部白音高老组流纹岩锆石U-Pb定年及岩石成因

满洲里南部白音高老组火山岩主要由流纹岩组成,含少量珍珠岩和流纹质凝灰岩。LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,流纹岩形成于141~139Ma的早白垩世早期。岩石地球化学研究表明,火山岩具有高硅富碱、贫钙镁和高FeO^T/MgO比值的特征; 稀土丰度总量较高(∑REE介于103×10^-6~488×10^-6),轻重稀土分馏明显［(La/ Yb)_N=4.12~30.94)］,Eu负异常显著(δEu=0.12~0.46); 微量元素以富集Rb、Th、U、K,强烈亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti,中等亏损Nb、Ta和高Ga/Al值为特征,与A-型花岗岩特征相似。锆石¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf比值介于0.282785~0.282970之间,ε_Hf(t)值均为正值,介于3.78~9.98之间。流纹岩岩浆来源于斜长石稳定区玄武质下地壳物质的部分熔融,形成于非造山板内伸展构造环境。     

Spiky Fine Structure of Type III-like Radio Bursts in Absorption

An uncommon fine structure in the radio spectrum consisting of bursts in absorption was observed with the Chinese Solar Broadband Radiospectrometer (SBRS) in the frequency range of 2.6?–?3.8 GHz during an X3.4/4B flare on 13 December 2006 in active region NOAA 10930 (S05W33). Usual fine structures in emission such as spikes, zebra stripes, and drifting fibers were observed at the peak of every new flare brightening. Within an hour at the decay phase of the event we observed bursts consisting of spikes in absorption, which pulsated periodically in frequency. Their instantaneous frequency bandwidths were found to be in the 75 MHz range. Moreover, in the strongest Type III-like bursts in absorption, the spikes showed stripes of the zebra-pattern (ZP) that drifted to higher frequencies. All spikes had the duration as short as down to the limit of the instrument resolution of ≈8 ms. The TRACE 195 Å images indicate that the magnetic reconnection at this moment occurred in the western edge of the flare loop arcade. Taking into account the presence of the reverse-drifting bursts in emission, in the course of the restoration of the magnetic structures in the corona, the acceleration of the beams of fast particles must have occurred both upward and downward at different heights. The upward beams will be captured by the magnetic trap, where the loss-cone distribution of fast particles (responsible for the emission of continuum and ZP) were formed. An additional injection of fast particles will fill the loss-cone later, breaking the loss-cone distribution. Therefore, the generation of continuum will be quenched at these moments, which was evidenced by the formation of bursts in absorption.