湘西沃溪金锑钨矿床含金石英脉的分形生长动力学

笔者等对湘西沃溪金锑钨矿床石英脉长度与厚度的分形关系及其厚度的分形分布进行了分析 ,探讨了石英脉分形生长的可能动力学机理。分析结果表明 ,石英脉长度厚度关系的分维值 Dr 在 0 .4 0 70到 1.0 784之间 ,Dr 值与相应石英脉的平均厚度呈明显正相关关系 ,相关系数为 0 .6 6 36。石英脉厚度分布的分维值 DT 在 0 .342 0到1.4 6 6 1之间 ,与相应石英脉平均厚度呈负相关关系 ,相关系数为 - 0 .5 70 6 ,说明厚度分布的分维值 DT 越小 ,脉体连通性越好。研究表明 ,石英脉体生长早期 ,以横向膨胀为主 ,其长度厚度关系分维值 Dr<1.0 ;脉体生长达到一定规模时 ,相邻脉体会通过相互连通而迅速增长 ,总体表现为纵向延长 ,从而导致 Dr>1,Dr随着石英脉的连通生长而增大。模拟结果表明 ,具有稳定的脉体成核率 α和生长速率 β的脉体生长模式将导致脉体厚度的分形分布 ,且厚度分布的分维值 DT 值将随着脉体成核率 α的增大而增大、随着脉体生长速率 β的增大而减小。     

分层冻胀量的观测方法研究

当前使用的分层冻胀量观测方法有单体冻胀尺法、叠合冻胀尺法和磁环法, 分析了这3种方法各自的优缺点, 从冻胀的机理出发, 在正冻土中的水分迁移和成冰规律的基础上, 提出了表面冻胀量和冻深对比法. 依据内蒙古永济冻土试验场、内蒙古巴林左旗二龙灌区冻害试验场和大庆地区等3个季节冻土区的分层冻胀量观测结果, 分析了该方法在季节冻土区不同地下水位和不同土质条件下的适用性; 同时, 还据青海江仓的资料, 对在多年冻土地区的应用性进行了评估. 结果表明, 对比法只可以用于近似确定季节冻土区的分层冻胀量, 要确定多年冻土区的分层冻胀量, 该方法是失效的.     

初夏敦煌荒漠戈壁大气边界结构特征的一次观测研究

利用"西北干旱区陆气相互作用野外观测实验"加强期在甘肃省敦煌市气象站进行的风、温、湿探空观测资料,分析了西北典型干旱区大气边界层的结构特征和变化规律。结果表明,大气边界层厚度总体而言明显偏高,对流边界最高层厚度可超过4000m,稳定边界层也在1000m左右的高度;2750m附近为风向转变高度,其下全为偏东风,其上全为偏西风,这个风向转变高度有一定日变化,在观测的9天内每天的日变化规律保持了很好的一致性;边界层风速切变较大,大多数时候有低空东风急流出现,急流最强可达到近20m·s-1,急流高度在500m左右;边界层内比湿廓线有时在大约500m高处出现逆湿,一般以夜间更为显著。     

基于地质与重磁数据集成的栾川钼多金属矿区三维地质建模

三维地质建模是当前国内外矿产资源勘查与评价研究的重要途径和热点.以栾川钼多金属矿区为例,针对研究区地质背景复杂、成矿地质条件多样性特征,开展了基于地质(岩性地层及其物性特征、地质体产状数据)与重磁正反演集成技术组合的三维地质模型建模研究,其研究内容为:(1)根据研究区地质背景和成矿条件,确定研究区矿床地质特征以及近地表地质体的空间属性特征;(2)利用重磁数据,在定性解译地质信息的基础上,开展二度半正演方法定量解译研究,并运用三维位场概率成像方法反演和解译深部地质体;(3)根据研究区地质与重磁反演解译资料综合分析,确定晚侏罗世斑岩岩体和控矿构造的时-空-因关系.研究结果表明,基于地质岩性属性特征的重磁正反演联合解译,能够综合利用地质体之间的物性差异、成因关系界定其几何形态,从而在三维环境中建立它们的时空关系,即三维地质模型,为研究区深部找矿、矿体定位预测以及金属矿产资源定量评价提供技术支撑和新途径      

钢筋混凝土桥墩震后修复技术研究综述

介绍了近几次破坏性地震中钢筋混凝土桥墩的典型震害,总结了国内外利用FRP材料、钢套管、狗骨式杆等新型建筑材料对发生弯曲破坏、剪切破坏、纵筋搭接破坏以及空心截面桥墩的震后修复技术.研究表明,采用合适的修复方案,可以对地震损坏的桥墩进行成功修复,使其承载力和延性得到较好的恢复.文中提到的桥墩震后修复方案可为地震、火灾、爆炸以及腐蚀老化后遭受损坏的钢筋混凝土结构的修复提供参考.     

Wenchuan earthquake fault and seismic disaster

Major cases of the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake are obtained through field investigations of the epicenter and high-intensity areas, and the relationships among earthquake faults, ground motion and earthquake disasters near fault zones are analyzed.Both strong deformation and ground rupture lead to significant damages of the buildings, indicating that it is necessary to keep safe distance away from active faults and to take other necessary measures.There are two reasons for that the buildings near the surface ...     

Evaluation of a gravel transport sensor for bed load measurements in natural flows

A recent acoustic instrument （Gravel Transport Sensor, GTS） was tested for predicting sediment transport rate （bed load rate） in gravel bed streams. The GTS operation is based on the particle collision theory of submerged obstacles in fluids. When particles collide with the GTS cylinder their momentum is recorded in the form of ping rates. The GTS is attractive for further consideration here because of its potential to provide continuous unattended local bed load measurements, especially in areas found in streams that access may be difficult under extreme conditions. Laboratory experiments coupled with numerical simulations for the same flow conditions were performed in order to determine the conditions under which particles of different size will hit the GTS cylinder and be able to register a ping rate. The GTS was able to detect the number of particles with diameter in the range of 15.9 to 25.4 mm, with reasonable accuracy, if the applied Shields effective stress τ＊e = τ＊ - τ＊cr was in the range of 0.006 to 0.015. A drawback of the tested prototype GTS, however, was that it exerted increased resistance on the incoming particles. The added drag effects increased the overall resistance that was exerted by the flow on particles and thus increased the likelihood that particles will rest in the ambient region of the cylinder instead of hitting it. Numerical simulation of the flow around the GTS cylinder revealed that changing the prototype geometry from cylindrical to ellipsoid or rhomboid will increase the likelihood of the particles hitting the instrument under the same flow conditions failed by the original tested GTS cylinder.     

Effects of vegetation on flow conveyance and sediment transport capacity

In-stream and riparian vegetation may significantly affect flow and sediment transport in vegetated channels. A hydraulic model has been developed in this paper to compute the flow discharge in channels with rigid and flexible vegetation under emergent and submerged conditions. An empirical formula has also been presented to determine the bed-load discharge in vegetated channels. The model has been tested against experimental and field data available in the literature. The computed flow discharge and bed-load transport rate agree well with the measured data.     

Evaluation of total load sediment transport formulas using ANN

The calculated results from various sediment transport formulas often differ from each other and from measured data. Some parameters in the sediment transport formulas are more effective than others to estimate total sediment load. In this study, an Artificial Neural Network （ANN） model is trained using four dominant parameters of sediment transport formulas. ANN models are able to reveal hidden laws of natural phenomena such as sediment transport process. The results of ANN and some total bed material load sediment transport formulas have been compared to indicate the importance of variables which can be used in developing sediment transport formulas. To train ANN, average flow velocity, water surface slopes, average flow depth, and median particle diameter are used as dominant parameters to estimate total bed material load. Two hundreds and fifty samples are used to train the ANN model. Twenty-four sets of field data not used in the training nor calibration of ANN are used to compare or verify the accuracy of ANN and some well-known total bed material load formulas. The test results show that the ANN model developed in this study using minimum number of dominant factors is a reliable and uncomplicated method to predict total sediment transport rate or total bed material load transport rate. Results show that the accuracy of formulas in descending order are those by Yang （1973）, Laursen （1958）, Engelund and Hansen （1972）, Ackers and White （1973）, and Toffaleti （1969）. These results are similar to those made by ASCE （1982） based on laboratory and field data not used in this paper. Study results also show that the formulas based on physical laws of sediment transport, like those formulas that were developed based on power concept, are more accurate than other formulas for estimating total bed material sediment load in rivers.     

Effect of streambed sediment on benthic ecology

Benthic macroinvertebrates have been commonly used as indicator species for assessment of aquatic ecology. Streambed sediment, or substrate, plays an important role in habitat conditions for macroinvertebrate communities. Field investigations were done to study the benthic diversity and macroinvertebrate compositions in various stream substrata. Sampling sites with different bed sediment, latitude, and climate were selected along the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the East River, and the Juma River, in China. The results show that benthic community structures found in different substrata clearly differ, while those found in substrata of similar composition and flow conditions but in different macroclimates are similar. The study, thus, demonstrates that the benthic macroinvertebrate community is mainly affected by substrate composition and flow conditions, but is generally unaffected by latitudinal position and macroclimate. Taxa richness of the maeroinvertebrate community was found to be the highest on hydrophyte-covered cobbles, high on moss-covered bedrock, and low on clay beds and cobble beds devoid of plant biomass. Sandy beds are compact and unstable, thus, no benthic macroinvertebrates were found colonizing such substrata. Aquatic insects account for most of the macroinvertebrates collected in these rivers. Different insects dominate in different types of substrata： mainly EPT species （Ephemeroptera, Ptecoptera, Tfichoptera） in cobble, gravel, and moss-covered bedrock; and Chironomidae larvae in clay beds. The relation between the number of species in the samples and the size of the sampling area fits a power function of the species area. One square meter （lm） is suggested as the minimum sampling area. A substrate suitability index is proposed by integrating the suitability of sediment, periphyton, and benthic organic materials for macroinvertebrates. The biodiversity of macroinvertebrates increases linearly with the substrate suitability index. Benthic taxa richness increases linearly with the suitability index.