http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711600030X

Proterozoic(pre-Ediacaran) glaciations occurred under strongly seasonal climates near sea level in low palaeolatitudes.Metre-scale primary sand wedges in Cryogenian periglacial deposits are identical to those actively forming,through the infilling of seasonal(winter) thermal contraction-cracks in permafrost by windblown sand,in present-day polar regions with a mean monthly air temperature range of40 ℃ and mean annual air temperatures of-20 ℃ or lower.Varve-like rhythmites with dropstones in Proterozoic glacial successions are consistent with an active seasonal freeze-thaw cycle.The seasonal(annual) oscillation of sea level recorded by tidal rhythmites in Cryogenian glacial successions indicates a significant seasonal cycle and extensive open seas.Palaeomagnetic data determined directly for Proterozoic glacial deposits and closely associated rocks indicate low palaeolatitudes:Cryogenian deposits in South Australia accumulated at 10°,most other Cryogenian deposits at 20° and Palaeoproterozoic deposits at 15° palaeolatitude.Palaeomagnetic data imply that the Proterozoic geomagnetic field approximated a geocentric axial dipole,hence palaeolatitudes represent geographic latitudes.The Cryogenian glacial environment included glacier-free,continental permafrost regions with ground frozen on a kyr time-scale,aeolian sand-sheets,extensive and long-lived open seas,and an active hydrological cycle.This palaeoenvironment conflicts with the 'snowball Earth' and 'slushball Earth' hypotheses,which cannot accommodate large seasonal changes of temperature near the equator.Consequently,their proponents have attempted to refute the evidence for strong seasonality by introducing Popperian'auxiliary assumptions'.However,non-actualistic arguments that the Cryogenian sand wedges indicate diurnal or weakly seasonal temperature changes are based on misunderstandings of periglacial processes.Modelling of a strongly seasonal climate for a frozen-over Earth is invalidated by the evidence for persistent open seas and glacier-free continental regions during Cryogenian glaciations,and gives a mean monthly air temperature range of only 10 ℃ for 10° latitude.By contrast,a strongly seasonal climate in low palaeolatitudes,based on the actualistic interpretation of cryogenic sand wedges and other structures,is consistent with a high obliquity of the ecliptic(54°) during Proterozoic low-latitude glaciations,whereby the equator would be cooler than the poles,on average,and global seasonality would be greatly amplified.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987115000882

A detailed vibrational Raman-IR spectroscopic and diffractional analyses have been performed on basalts from two locations from Tenerife Island:(1) the Arenas Negras volcano which belongs to the historical eruption not showing visible alteration and(2) Pillow Lavas zone from Anaga Massif which shows a clearly fluid-rock interaction caused by submarine alteration.These places have been extensively studied due to its similarity with the surface of Mars.The analysis is based on the mineral detection of selected samples by a Micro-Raman study of the materials.The complementary techniques have confirmed the mineralogy detected by the Raman measurement.The results show a volcanic environment behavior with primary phases like olivine,pyroxene,and feldspar/plagioclase.Moreover,the presence of accessory minerals or secondary mineralization like phosphate,iron oxides,zeolite or carbonates shows the alteration processes on each outcrop.The variation in the crystallinity and amorphous phases is related to fluid-rock interaction caused by hydrothermal episodes and external weathering processes,which shows several analogies with the ancient volcanic activity from Mars.     

Geology and Mineral Chemistry of Uranium- and Thorium-bearing Minerals in Rare-Metal (NYF) Pegmatites of Um Solimate,South Eastern Desert,Egypt

The garnet muscovite granitic pegmatite of Um Solimate, in southern Egypt, represents a promising asset for strategic and economic metals, especially Bi–Ni–Ag–Nb–Ta as well as U and Th. The ore bodies occur as large masses, pockets and/or veins of very coarse-grained pegmatites, which consist mainly of K-feldspar, quartz and albite with subordinate muscovite, garnet, and biotite. Radiometric data revealed that eU- and eTh-contents of the pegmatites reach up to 39 ppm and 82 ppm, respectively. The studied pegmatites are enriched in primary U and Th minerals (uraninite, coffinite, thorianite and uranothorite) as well as Hf-rich zircon and monazite, which give rise to anomalous radioactive zones. Niobium-tantalium-bearing minerals (i.e. ferrocolumbite, microlite and uranopyrochlore), xenotime, barite, galena, fluorite, and apatite are ubiquitous, and, consequently, the studied pegmatites belong tothe Niobium–Yttrium–Fluorine-type (NYF) family. The noble metal mineralization includes argentite (Ag2S), native Ni and Bi as well as bismite and bismoclite. In addition, beryl and tourmaline are observed in pegmatites near the contact with metasediments and ultramafic bodies. The observed compositional variations of Ta/(Ta+Nb) and Mn/(Mn+Fe) ratios in columbite (0.08–0.45 and 0.11–0.57, respectively) and Hf contents in zircon (3.54–6.46 wt%) may reflectan extreme degree of magmatic fractionation leading to formation of the pegmatite orebody.     

天然水中矿物溶解度的预测——25℃时高离子强度的Na-K-Mg-Ca-H-Cl-SO_4-OH-HCO_3-CO_3-H_2O体系

Harvie和Weare(1980)的矿物溶解度模型,被扩展到25℃时高浓度的8组份体系Na-K-Mg-Ca-H-Cl-SO_4-OH-HCO_3-CO_3-CO_2-H_2O。该模型就其水电解质溶液的热力学而言,是以Pitzer(1973)及其同事们的半经验公式为基础的。利用大量的适用于大多数亚体系的有效的等压、电动势及溶解度资料,把模型参数化。模型的推测能力,已通过体系中比参数化所用资料更为复杂的实验资料进行对比而证实。本文讨论了水电解质溶液的化学模型的基本特点和pH与溶液平衡特性之间的关系。     

蒸汽驱油强化采油过程的遥测

为了构造蒸汽驱油范围内重油砂的层析图像,需要得到井间地震速度及高频电磁(EM)衰减数据,用了初至地震波来构造两井间的一块10m宽、8m高的垂直平面的彩色层析图像，用两个高频（17及15MHz)EM透射层析构造了20m宽、8m高平面，速度层析图明显地指示了一面岩层、其上、下都有油砂，EM层析图则指示了一更复杂的有页岩夹层的油砂地质，最深的EM层析图显示出了活动蒸汽区的上部，并指出了页岩层下蒸汽运移的通道，这些结果显示了井间整个平面的详细结论，并提供了一更好的方法，来理解蒸汽驱油环境的原地重油回采工艺。     

环太平洋带构造地层地体

引言近年来,北美克迪勒拉是通过分离的构造地层地体增生而形成的这一认识已经得到可资利用的新的地质、地球物理和古生物资料的支持(Jones等,1981;Jonts等,1983;Coney等,1980;Davis等,1978;Balke等,1983)。同样的增生过程似乎也影响了环太平洋边缘的大部分地区。为了探讨这一假说,我们已经编制了初步的环太平洋地体图。本文的目的是回顾Coney等(1980)和Jones等(1983)所提出的地体分析     

澳大利亚昆士兰州雷德多姆(芒加纳)矽卡岩金矿床的地质和矿化作用

引言雷德多姆(Red Dome)金矿床位于澳大利亚昆士兰州东北部的奇拉戈(Chillagoe)附近(图1),目前由Elders矿产有限公司以露天开采方式开拓中,其地质储量有含金2g/t的矿石1380万吨。估计其它有用元素还有银4.6g/t、铜0.46％和锌1.0％。贱金属和贵金属产于斑状流纹岩墙与以碳酸盐为主的沉积岩接触处形成的矽卡岩内。既有内     

西肯塔基州煤田与采矿有关的沉陷的探测和圈定

肯塔基地质调查所正从事一项研究,以便对肯塔基州西部煤田中由于地下煤矿上面的岩层崩塌而产生的地表沉降位置进行识别和编录。研究地区包括肯塔基州的霍普金斯、穆林白尔格、韦伯斯特、尤尼恩和俄亥俄县,在这些地区,自十八世纪二十年代以来,一直在采煤,采用1:24000比例尺的常规彩色航空像片对产生煤矿沉陷地区进行解译和填图。这项成果将帮助煤矿工作人员确定沉陷的界线并为识别将来可能发生沉陷的地区提供初步指导。还将制定该地区沉陷类型的像片解译标志。另外,近25年来所获得的历史航空像片将用来显示单一地点沉陷的连续发展情况。