库尔勒5.8级地震前地震波特性的某些短期变化

本文对新疆1978年4月22日库尔勒5.8级地震前地震波的动力学特性和运动学特性的某些短期变化进行了初步研究。重点讨论了5.8级地震前通过孕震区的小地震的直达波振幅比、振动持续时间比以及波速比的短期异常变化,並且,结合震前短期地震活动异常图象作了对比分析。实际观测结果表明,较大地震发生前,通过孕震区的小震的地震波特性可能出现一些较明显的短期异常变化,因而,对此进行研究无疑对于探讨地震孕育过程和地震的预报途径都是有意义的。     

一九七九年夏季亚洲季风区上空的区域能量分析

本文用美国气象中心(NWC)1979年6—8月资料计算了亚洲季风区上空的瞬变涡动动能、区域的热源和能量变化。计算结果表明,1979年夏季印度季风区的印度半岛和孟加拉湾地区,东亚季风区的南海和西太平洋地区,我国东部大陆地区都是扰动活动频繁的地方,其对流层上部表现为强热源;南半球西印度洋热带地区和澳大利亚地区热带扰动不活跃,其上空为冷源区。 再有印度季风区扰动发展是正压不稳定和斜压不稳定,以后者为主;东亚季风区扰动发展靠斜压转换而来;大陆东部地区扰动发展也主要靠斜压转换过程。而南半球西印度洋热带地区和澳大利亚地区是通过和中纬度西风带大气的侧向耦合获得能量,并通过跨赤道气流的扰动把能量转送到北半球季风区。     

陕西宁强梅树村阶瓶状微化石的发现及其意义

本文报道的瓶状微化石，发现于陕西宁强宽川铺袁家坪剖面，化石产出层位为下寒武统梅树村阶下部小壳化石带，所获微化石数量颇为丰富，囊壳甚小并业经碳化。袁家坪瓶状微化石群的发现，填补了梅树村阶下部此类化石的空白，进一步表明发生于晚前寒武纪的该类具瓶状囊壳的微动物群，曾延入寒早期的事实，现有微化石化碳质保存，为探讨其囊壳原始物质组成提供了新的证据。     

由深源远震体波记录反演华北北部地壳上地幔速度结构

重点研究的地区为河北省北部包括京津地区，以及山西、内蒙的部分地区，在此区选取了２９个台站；在向东延伸的背景区，选取了６个台站。利用这些台站的深源远震体波记录资料，通过选取介质结构模型，计算理论地震图，与观测图进行拟合，以确定地震台下介质结构的可接受模型。在拟合时，对每个地震台站都选择若干次深源远震的体波记录作为观测图。对每个地震台站一般都算出６０个不同模型的理论图。实际上做出的结果比地壳深，为大约８０ｋｍ（即大致相当于岩石层或称岩石圈）厚度内的地壳上地幔介质结构，它们大都由１０层左右的介质组成。通过波形拟合共给出了上述３５个台站下的壳幔介质分层结构。并由此给出了Ｍｏｈｏ面的轮廓。     

NaCl—H_2O溶液包裹体的密度式和等容式及其应用

由于含盐类包裹体不能应用现有的状态方程求解,作者根据实验数值,采用最小二乘法等,得到含盐度(wt%)≤25的NaCl-H_2O溶液包裹体的密度式和等容式。只要测定出包裹体的均一温度和含盐度,代入密度式,即可计算包裹体中的流体密度。再由此密度、含盐度的等容式,进一步可求得包裹体的形成温度和压力。最后,作者列举了三个实例。     

Agricultural drought in a future climate: results from 15 global climate models participating in the IPCC 4th assessment

This study examines the impact of greenhouse gas warming on soil moisture based on predictions of 15 global climate models by comparing the after-stabilization climate in the SRESA1b experiment with the pre-industrial control climate. The models are consistent in predicting summer dryness and winter wetness in only part of the northern middle and high latitudes. Slightly over half of the models predict year-round wetness in central Eurasia and/or year-round dryness in Siberia and mid-latitude Northeast Asia. One explanation is offered that relates such lack of seasonality to the carryover effect of soil moisture storage from season to season. In the tropics and subtropics, a decrease of soil moisture is the dominant response. The models are especially consistent in predicting drier soil over the southwest North America, Central America, the Mediterranean, Australia, and the South Africa in all seasons, and over much of the Amazon and West Africa in the June–July–August (JJA) season and the Asian monsoon region in the December–January–February (DJF) season. Since the only major areas of future wetness predicted with a high level of model consistency are part of the northern middle and high latitudes during the non-growing season, it is suggested that greenhouse gas warming will cause a worldwide agricultural drought. Over regions where there is considerable consistency among the analyzed models in predicting the sign of soil moisture changes, there is a wide range of magnitudes of the soil moisture response, indicating a high degree of model dependency in terrestrial hydrological sensitivity. A major part of the inter-model differences in the sensitivity of soil moisture response are attributable to differences in land surface parameterization.     

千岛岛弧大震前哈佛大学矩心矩张量（CMT）解一致性的预测意义s

千岛岛弧地区属于全球地震活动最为活跃的地区之一. 本文利用哈佛大学测定的千岛岛弧地区地震的矩心矩张量（CMT）解， 分析该地区震源机制的一致性特征， 提出利用震源机制和构造应力场的一致性参数a进行地震预测的思路. 研究结果表明，MＷge;7.5地震之前， 都有一致性参数a降低的现象，a的低值起始的时间在发生大震之前的10多天至110多天， a的低值截止的日期距大震在30多天至2天. 相互之间虽然并不完全一致， 但是差别不大. 这种现象的稳定性， 尚需时间的检验， 但是设想在长达数百公里的地区， 连续发生MＷge;5.3的地震的震源机制都与构造应力场一致， 应当不是随机的现象， 而是一种具有预测意义的现象. 当积累的震例足够多时， 则有可能确定统一的评判标准和预测准则.      

Effect of chemical fertilizers on the fractionation of Cu,Cr and Ni in contaminated soil

Effect of chemical fertilizers (urea, NH₄Cl, Ca(NO₃)₂, KCl and KH₂PO₄) on the fractionation of Cu, Cr and Ni was studied by a 4-month incubation experiment. Using sequential extraction procedure, it was found that the application of fertilizers could change the distribution of Cu, Cr and Ni in the fractions of soil. Applying urea (CO(NH₂)₂) significantly decreased the concentrations of Cu, Cr and Ni in water soluble plus exchangeable (WE) fraction, but increased those in Fe–Mn oxides bound (FM) fraction (p < 0.01). However, application of NH₄Cl caused an increase in the WE fraction by 27.7% for Cu, 111.5% for Cr and 20.4% for Ni. The CO(NH₂)₂ raised the soil pH from 4.51 to 4.96, whereas NH₄Cl lowered the pH of soil by 0.44 units. The WE fraction of the three heavy metals was significantly increased, while the FM fraction was significantly decreased by adding KCl (p < 0.01). Moreover, the supply of KH₂PO₄ reduced the WE and carbonate bound (CB) fractions of Cu, Cr and Ni in the soil, however, it raised Cu and Ni in the residual (RS) fraction and Cr in the FM fraction. In addition, the mobility index indicated that KCl and NH₄Cl increased the mobility of Cu, Cr and Ni in the soil, whereas urea and KH₂PO₄ decreased the mobility of the three metals in the soil. These results suggest that applying chemical fertilizers does not only provide plant nutrients, but may also change the speciation and mobility of heavy metals in the soil.     

Crustal structure using receiver function in the east part of A＇nyemaqen suture belt

Twenty broadband seismographs were deployed along Hongyuan, Sichuan to Wuwei, Gansu. 81 teleseismic events were recorded in one year. We computed receiver functions from teleseismic waveform data and obtained S wave velocity structure beneath each station along the profile by using receiver function inversion method. The results revealed that the crustal structure is very complex and crustal average S wave velocity is to be on the low side. Low velocity structure generally exists in the depth range of 10～40 km in the crust between Aba arc fault and northern edge fault of Qinling earth＇s axis and it is a tectonic feature of complex geological process such as ancient A＇nyemaqen Tethys ocean from closing and side colliding to subducted plate exhumed or thrust rock slice lifted. The Moho is about 50 km depth along the profile and is slightly deeper in the south than in the north.     

气象卫星资料在飞机人工增雨效果评估中的应用

在2000年3月14日飞机人工影响天气作业过程中，极轨气象卫星实时遥感探测提供了人工增雨情况的一些证据。分析了作业后催化剂扩散情况，并且就风对催化剂的输送，地面增雨效果进行了探讨。初步结果：（1）本次过程在作业1小时23分钟后，最大自由运动扩散宽度11km，催化剂自由运动扩散区约为2508km^2，在云顶形成约1505km^3的塌陷区。（2）卫星资料分析，风的输送作用区约为7500km^2，为自由运动扩散区的3倍，是催化剂扩散的主要因素。