Landscape eco planning and design: concepts, a framework approach and case study

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煤矸石-水相互作用的溶解动力学及其环境地球化学效应研究

煤矸石—水相互作用的溶解动力学及其环境地球化学效应研究党志（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）关键词水—岩作用煤矸石地球化学动力学采煤矿区复垦环境效应收稿日期：１９９７－３－１０作者简介：党志男１９６２年生博士生环境地球化学煤矸石以其量多、...     

地理信息系统在煤炭生产中的应用研究──煤矿地质测量信息系统（CMGIS）的开发

应用地理信息系统理论、技术和方法，针对煤炭生产管理中的地质测量问题，研究开发了煤矿地质测量信息系统（ＣＭＧＩＳ）。在分析ＣＭＧＩＳ系统目标的基础上，确立了符合煤炭生产管理实际需要的系统硬件配置和逻辑结构，着重论述了ＣＭＧＩＳ的软件组成及系统功能。ＣＭＧＩＳ较其它应用系统具有较强的图形功能，能较好地解决煤矿地质测量成图问题。     

台风暴雨中尺度系统与结构的数值研究

首先对８４０７，８４１１和８５０４号台风进行了数值模拟，并详细分析了模式输出的带通流场，发现；在湿台风引起的大范围暴雨区，低怪有强辐合，高怪有的大尺度辐散，而在干台风产生的弱降水区，高层则无中尺度辐散气流。其次，对引起暴雨突然增幅的８４０７号台风进行了对比试验，表明：台风大尺度环境场是产生台风暴雨中尺度系统的源，而凝结潜热释放和地形效应则是形成和影响这些中尺度系统中和中尺度的结构和重要因素。     

快速Walsh变换中的递归关系

在通讯技术、计算机、现代光学等各个方面都要用到Walsh变换,又如:为了减少图象处理中的复杂性和压缩图象传输中图象所占的频带,就要借助干Walsh变换。在快速Walsh变换中,往往先考虑Walsh—Hadamard变换;然后经过置换,可以转化为Walsh—Kaczmarz变换、Walsh—Paley变换。根据这些变换阵之间的关系式,我们研究了并矢矩阵的性质,以及变换阵的约化(reduction)算子D(m)。在[1]中,各变换阵在D(m)作用下,是通过另一种算子即所谓扩展(expansion)箅子表示它们的递归关系,本文则直接从D(m)给出三种变换的递归关系,这在计算上更为方便一些。     

中国城市PM2.5污染对居民主观幸福感的影响及支付意愿研究

利用2015年中国40个城市大规模问卷调查数据,采用贝叶斯多层级有序分类响应模型探讨了PM_2.5污染对居民主观幸福感的影响,进而核算居民为减轻PM_2.5污染的支付意愿。研究发现：PM_2.5污染对主观幸福感具有显著的负向影响,PM_2.5污染每增加1个单位,主观幸福感将下降0.040个百分点;家庭月收入对主观幸福感具有显著的正向影响,家庭月收入每增加1个单位,主观幸福感将提升0.026个百分点。支付意愿不仅受到家庭收入水平的影响,还受到居民所处城市空气质量的影响;在承受PM_2.5污染的最初阶段,居民为改善空气质量的支付意愿最高。居民为改善空气质量愿意支付的金额平均为226元,占家庭月总收入的2.274%。     

Progress and prospects of applied research on physical geography and the living environment in China over the past 70 years (1949–2019)

Physical geography is a basic research subject of natural sciences.Its research object is the natural environment which is closely related to human living and development,and China's natural environment is complex and diverse.According to national needs and regional development,physical geographers have achieved remarkable achievements in applied basis and applied research,which also has substantially contributed to the planning of national economic growth and social development,the protection of macro ecosystems and resources,and sustainable regional development.This study summarized the practice and application of physical geography in China over the past 70 years in the following fields:regional differences in natural environments and physical regionalization;land use and land cover changes;natural hazards and risk reduction;process and prevention of desertification;upgrading of medium-and low-yield fields in the Huang-Huai-Hai region;engineering construction in permafrost areas; geochemical element anomalies and the prevention and control of endemic diseases;positioning and observation of hysical geographical elements;and identification of geospatial differentiation and geographical detectors. Furthermore, we have proposed the future direction of applied research in the field of physical geography.     

Arsenic in groundwater of the Red River floodplain, Vietnam: Controlling geochemical processes and reactive transport modeling

The mobilization of arsenic (As) to the groundwater was studied in a shallow Holocene aquifer on the Red River flood plain near Hanoi, Vietnam. The groundwater chemistry was investigated in a transect of 100 piezometers. Results show an anoxic aquifer featuring organic carbon decomposition with redox zonation dominated by the reduction of Fe-oxides and methanogenesis. Enhanced P_CO2 pressure causes carbonate dissolution to take place but mainly in the soil and unsaturated zone. The concentration of As increases over depth to a concentration of up to 550 μg/L. Most As is present as As(III) but some As(V) is always found. Arsenic correlates well with NH₄, relating its release to organic matter decomposition and the source of As appears to be the Fe-oxides being reduced. Part of the produced Fe(II) is apparently reprecipitated as siderite containing less As. Results from sediment extraction indicate most As to be related to the Fe-oxide fractions. The measured amount of sorbed As is low. In agreement, speciation calculations for a Fe-oxide surface suggest As(III) to constitute only 3% of the surface sites while the remainder is occupied by carbonate and silica species. The evolution in water chemistry over depth is homogeneous and a reactive transport model was constructed to quantify the geochemical processes along the vertical groundwater flow component. A redox zonation model was constructed using the partial equilibrium approach with organic carbon degradation in the sediment as the only rate controlling parameter. Apart from the upper meter a constant degradation rate of 0.15 C mmol/L/yr could explain the redox zonation throughout the aquifer. Modeling also indicates that the Fe-oxide being reduced is of a stable type like goethite or hematite. Arsenic is contained in the Fe-oxides and is first released during their dissolution. Our model further suggests that part of the released As is adsorbed on the surface of the remaining Fe-oxides and in this way may be retarded.     

一次飑线过程的雷达回波分析与数值模拟

2003年4月12日, 一条飑线袭击了江西、福建、浙江三省, 所到之处出现冰雹、大风等强烈天气, 这次过程强度强, 影响范围大, 三省交界及附近区域有二十多个测站出现冰雹、大风, 冰雹直径有的达3 cm以上, 最大风速达32 m/s。该文利用建阳新一代天气雷达探测到的回波以及中尺度非静力数值模式 (MM5) 对这次过程进行数值模拟, 分析此次强对流过程。结果表明:雷达回波显示出飑线的带状强回波, 线状回波上呈现波型特征; 在数值模拟结果中看到在系统发生的带状区域内有多个中尺度涡旋存在, 在飑线内有中尺度涡旋簇和弓形回波。     

The Use of Dual-Doppler Radar Data in the Study of 1998 Meiyu Frontal Precipitation in Huaihe River Basin

During the Meiyu period in June and July of 1998, intensified field observations have been carried out for the project “Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (HUBEX)”. For studying Meiyu front and its precipitation in Huaihe River basin, the present paper has performed analysis on the middle and lower level wind fields in the troposphere by using the radar data obtained from the two Doppler radars located at Fengtai district and Shouxian County. From June 29 to July 3 in 1998, the continuous heavy precipitation occurred in Huaihe River basin around Meiyu front. The precipitation process on July 2 occurred within the observation range of the two Doppler radar in Fengtai district and Shouxian County. The maximum rainfall of the Meiyu front was over 100 mm in 24 h, so it can be regarded as a typical mesoscale heavy precipitation process related to Meiyu front. Based on the wind field retrieved from the dual Doppler radar, we find that there are meso-γ scale vertical circulations in the vertical cross-section perpendicular to Meiyu front, the strong upward motion of which corresponds to the position of the heavy rainfall area. Furthermore, other results obtained by this study are identical with the results by analyzing the conventional synoptic data years ago. For example: in the vicinity of 3 km level height ahead of Meiyu front there exists a southwest low-level jet; the rainstorm caused by Meiyu front mainly occurs at the left side of the southwest low-level jet; and the Meiyu front causes the intensification of the low-level convergence in front of it.