Theoretical investigation of the interstellar CH3NC/CH3CN ratio

Calculations have been performed to determine the abundance ratio of the metastable isomer CH3NC to the stable isomer CH3CN in dense interstellar clouds. According to gas phase, ion-molecule treatments, these molecules are both synthesized via protonated ion precursors. We have calculated the ratio of the formation rates of the protonated precursor ions-- CH3NCH+ and CH3CNH+ --synthesized via the radiative association reaction between CH3+ and HCN, which is thought to the dominant formation process of the two isomeric ions. Our calculations, which involve both ab initio quantum chemistry and equilibrium determinations, lead to a predicted CH3NCH+/CH3CNH+ formation rate ratio between 0.1 and 0.4. If this ratio is maintained in the neutral species formed from the precursor ions, theory predicts a sizable abundance for methyl isocyanide (CH3NC) and lends credence to its tentative observation.     

西藏冈底斯南带辉长岩及其所反映的壳幔作用信息

在巨型冈底斯岩浆岩带南端产出有一个辉长岩带,与雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带平行共生。辉长岩带中以辉长岩为主,与冈底斯花岗质岩石空间上呈渐变过渡接触关系,表现为接触带附近岩石成分的规律变化,并出现暗色微粒包体。本文在项目组多年来对冈底斯岩浆岩带研究的基础上,对拉萨曲水县城—日喀则一带的辉长岩类进行了详细的野外观测,选择了典型露头系统采集了样品,系统的岩石学、地球化学及同位素地球化学分析和研究表明该辉长岩类的SiO_2 49%～55%、Mg~#49～66,近于原始基性岩浆,REE曲线平缓右倾,无明显负Eu异常,表明未发生明显的岩浆分异作用,其~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值变化在0.7036～07051、~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd为0.5128～0.5131,且ε_(Nd)为2.34～6.87,其~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb分别为17.9095,15.4986和38.0176。这些特征都表明该辉长岩属于PREMA源区物质局部熔融而成,并在上侵就位过程中受到壳源物质影响。已有SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄表明该辉长岩类形成于40～53Ma,与曲水岩体岩浆混合时代一致。因此可以推断印度-欧亚陆陆碰撞过程中,随着俯冲板片的折返断离,具有亏损特征的普通幔源物质在始新世局部熔融,其熔浆底侵、上升,不同程度地与壳源花岗质岩浆混合,形成冈底斯辉长岩带,其成因与大陆碰撞密切相关。     

西藏冈底斯带西部达雄岩体的岩石成因:锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素约束

对出露于冈底斯西部地区措勤北部达瓦错东侧的达雄岩体进行了锆石U-Pb定年、全岩主量元素、微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素和锆石Hf同位素研究,以约束其岩石成因。达雄岩体的主体岩性为花岗闪长岩,其中发育大量闪长质包体。花岗闪长岩的锆石LA-ICP MS年龄为107±1Ma,该年龄代表了岩体结晶年龄。花岗闪长岩锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值变化于-1.0～3.0,两阶段模式年龄变化于974～1226Ma。花岗闪长岩富硅(SiO_2=70.65%～71.10%),富钙(CaO=3.21%-3.26%)、贫钾(K_2O= 2.81%～2.99%)、低P_2O_5(0.09%),铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为1.01～1.02,属于偏铝质花岗岩或弱过铝质花岗岩。闪长质包体Sio_2含量为57.84%,与寄主岩相比,闪长质包体更富CaO、MgO、TFe_2O_3和TiO_2。花岗闪长岩和闪长质包体均属中钾钙碱性系列,ε_(Nd)(t)值分别为-4.6和-3.2,两阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))相近(分别为1277Ma和1166Ma),并与锆石Hf同位素模式年龄一致。岩相学、年代学和地球化学研究表明闪长质包体可能是由岩浆混合作用形成的镁铁质微粒包体。我们的初步研究成果似乎表明,冈底斯中西部地区在早白垩世晚期(～110Na)很可能存在一次重要的岩浆混合作用,这一初步认识对研究冈底斯中北部地区规模宏大的白垩纪岩浆作用的深部动力学过程具有重要意义。     

西秦岭新生代钾霞橄黄长岩的地球化学及其岩浆源区性质

西秦岭礼县地区新生代钾霞橄黄长岩具有贫SiO_2和Al_2O_3,富CaO、Mgo、TiO_2及K_2O Na_2O的特征,矿物组合中除橄榄石、辉石外,普遍含有霞石、黄长石、白榴石和磁铁矿等矿物。火山岩的∑REE为97.82×10~(-6)～639.1×10~(-6)。岩石以强烈富集大离子亲石元素(LILE,如Rb、Ba、K、Sr)和高场强元素(HFSE,如Nb、Th、Ta、P、Zr、Hf等)为特征具有Pb和Ti的负异常。火山岩具有相对高的~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值(0.512007～0.512130,ε~(Nd)= 3.4～ 5.8)和相对低的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值(0.703374～0.704726)。~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Ph/~(204)Ph的比值范围分别为18.088～19.112,15.476～15.626和38.071～39.680。岩石的微量元素和Sr、Nd和Pb同位素特征显示其与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)的地球化学特征相似。源区组成显示了亏损地幔端元DM、HIMU端元和富集地幔端元EMII这三种地球化学端元混合的特征。     

从31届地质大会看火成岩石学的研究动向

主要根据第31届国际地质大会上关于花岗质岩浆作用与成矿，花岗岩系统及元古宙岩石圈过程，玄武岩，碱性侵入体的成因与侵位，碳酸岩、金伯利岩、钾镁粕斑岩及相关岩石，造山带酸性与中性火山岩，火山作用等方面的发言、论文及摘要，结合其它资料，对近些年来国际、国内火成岩石学领域的新进展和研究动向进行讨论。认为从20世纪末到21世纪初，在地球动力学和全球变化的总框架下，在人类对资源、环境、减灾重大需求的推动下，火成岩石学在地球物质科学、岩石探针、大火成岩省事件与超级地幔柱、地幔动力学、岩浆过程的物理学及超高压实验等方向取得了明显的进展。     

太行山南段洪山岩体中粗面斑岩地球化学特征及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年

在详细野外调研的基础上,对位于太行山南段洪山岩体中粗面斑岩的岩石学、地球化学和年代学特征进行了研究。该区斑岩中Si O2含量为63.57%~67.85%,平均为65.19%;里特曼指数σ值为5.6~8.2;K2O/Na2O为1.00~1.74,平均为1.24;A12O3为16.75%~18.77%,平均为18.21%。铝饱和指数A/CNK为1.00~1.06,属于碱性正长岩类岩石。岩石稀土元素总量(∑REE)为33.75×10-6~144.30×10-6,(La/Yb)N=9.18~33.28,呈现轻稀土元素(LREE)富集、重稀土元素(HREE)相对亏损的特点。δEu=0.99~1.16,有微弱正Eu异常。在原始地幔标准化微量元素蜘蛛图解中,样品均显示强烈富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs)、相对亏损高场强元素(HFSEs)的特征。同时,在该地区获得的粗面斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为128.6±1.0Ma。锆石εHf(t)值为-16.0~-11.4,对应的地壳模式年龄(TDM)为1258~1432Ma。这些数据表明,洪山粗面斑岩与洪山其他中生代侵入岩是同期岩浆作用的产物,形成于早白垩世由造山挤压环境向伸展环境转变期,是EM1型富集地幔部分熔融形成富碱的岩浆上升侵位,并受古老下地壳物质混染形成的。华北规模庞大的中生代岩浆作用可能与部分熔融并消耗富集岩石圈地幔层有关,这可能也是岩石圈地幔减薄的重要方式之一。     

Factors affecting the distribution of benthic macrofauna in estuaries contaminated by urban runoff

Contaminants derived from urban runoff have been shown to accumulate in estuarine sediments, reaching concentrations potentially capable of causing biological effects. Demonstration of effects, however, is difficult due to strong natural environmental gradients and the effects of past or present point-sources of contamination. We used multivariate methods to test two hypotheses relating to the effects of urban-derived contaminants on estuarine benthic communities. First, that patterns of distribution and abundance of benthic invertebrates in two urbanised estuaries would be different from those in two non-urbanised estuaries. Second, that the distributions of benthic invertebrates within and among the four estuaries would be related to those of urban-derived contaminants. Concentrations of contaminants were larger in estuaries with urbanised catchments and concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and DDT in some samples exceeded those at which biological effects may be expected to appear. Tests of differences in composition of benthic communities among estuaries showed that the two urban estuaries were not significantly different, but that they differed from both rural estuaries, which also differed from each other. Distributions of benthic invertebrates were significantly related to those of environmental variables, and were ordinated along axes that correlated with both natural environmental variables (nature of the sediment, position in estuary) and contaminants. Differences in faunas between the urban and non-urban estuaries were not, however, clear-cut and nor were relationships between faunal assemblages and environmental variables (including contaminants) consistent between two times of sampling.