Characteristics and landcover of estuarine boundaries: implications for the delineation of the South African estuarine functional zone

This study investigated whether the current lateral boundary for estuaries in South Africa, i.e. the estuarine functional zone (EFZ), includes all estuarine habitats. The EFZ covers 173 930 ha in 304 estuaries/outlets nationally. Field surveys and analysis of available aerial images showed that 82 (12 956.70 ha) of these estuaries (26%) had estuarine habitats occurring outside of this boundary. As a result of mapping scale, the National Vegetation Map does not represent habitats that are associated with small estuaries (approximately 50% of South Africa's estuaries). For estuaries in the Western and Eastern Cape provinces, most habitats have been lost due to urban development, whereas in subtropical areas (northern Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal), cultivation has removed estuarine habitat. Although delineation of boundaries can be complicated by landcover changes, the estuarine lateral boundary in Cape estuaries could be identified based on sediment characteristics (moisture content, organic content, electrical conductivity), groundwater characteristics (salinity, conductivity and depth) and plant species. The delineation of the EFZ needs to be consistent, inclusive of all estuarine physical and biological processes, and cost-effective to identify so that it can protect estuarine habitats.     

CORS基准站周跳探测与修复方法研究

在高精度GNSS测量中,周跳的存在直接影响到整周模糊度的解算及最终定位精度。针对目前各省市连续运行基准站网多系统观测数据的获取导致周跳探测工作量增加,该文基于甘肃省卫星定位连续运行基准站网(GSCORS)双频观测值提出了一种满足普遍条件的多系统周跳探测方法。采用相位减伪距结合电离层残差法分别对GPS和BDS原始观测值进行周跳探测与修复,通过对相应载波的模拟周跳探测发现,BDS较大的卫星钟差和伪距噪声影响了数据质量,其周跳检测量时间序列波动大于GPS,对7周以上周跳探测的精度较GPS会有1周的偏差,但电离层残差法能对BDS相位减伪距法探测残留的1周小周跳进行二次探测并修复。实验最终证实该方法能够有效探测并且正确分离GPS和BDS每个频率1周以上的周跳。     

三维航标监测与管理系统的设计与实现

设计了三维航标监测与管理系统的整体框架和功能结构,研究了其涉及的若干关键技术,开发实现了系统功能.     

南海及邻近海区海况季节变化的模拟

文中使用改进的美国普林斯顿大学区域海洋环流模式 (POM)对南海及邻近海区海况季节变化特征进行了数值模拟 ,所得的主要结果与海洋观测及已有的一些研究结果相吻合。模拟结果表明 :1～ 1 2月 ,黑潮南海分支是南海北部的一支重要海流 ;黑潮右侧的大尺度反气旋性暖涡全年都存在。在所模拟的海区中 ,南海海区表层海流受季风影响最大 ,季节变化最明显示。改进的 POM对海温的季节变化特征也有较好的模拟能力 ,能再现西南季风爆发前后 ,南海及邻近海区表层海温的突增和暖水区的北推过程 ,以及东北季风开始前后 ,海温的下降过程。这为以后发展区域海气耦合模式奠定了基础。     

面向信息化测绘的网络化测图系统研究与应用

随着信息化测绘生产体系构建的不断深入,利用先进的信息技术对数字化测绘流程升级改造迫在眉睫,传统航测生产单机作业模式已难以满足网络化、信息化的高效生产需求。本文以武汉长江新城房屋测图为例,借助MapMatrix Grid软件进行网络化测图系统的研究和应用,论述了网络化测图生产的关键技术和生产流程,并对系统性能进行了评价。     

冬季东亚副热带急流与温带急流的比较分析：大尺度特征和瞬变扰动活动

使用ERA40再分析的月资料和逐日资料,从大尺度特征和瞬变扰动活动两个角度对冬季东亚副热带急流(EASJ)和东亚温带急流(EAPJ)进行了比较分析.结果表明,使用月资料分析的EASJ与EAPJ在高层风场上没有清晰的地理分界区,而使用逐日资料计算得到的冬季逐日急流发生数则以高原北部上空所处的纬度带为分界岭,存在两个急流中心集中区,分别对应于EASJ和EAPJ区域.通过分析东亚上空天气尺度瞬变扰动活动(STEA)表明,与强盛的冬季EASJ相伴随的是较弱的南支STEA,而与较弱的EAPJ相伴随的北支STEA却十分活跃,显示出EAPJ是与瞬变活动相伴而存的急流.进一步的诊断分析揭示了冬季东亚温带急流的两种主要异常模态,一种是EAPJ区域反气旋性/气旋性异常环流型,另一种是局地西风的减弱/增加.与第1种异常模态相关的北半球大尺度环流异常主要集中在欧亚中高纬地区,其形成受中高纬大气环流以及东亚上游大气环流异常的共同影响.当EAPJ局地西风减弱/增加时.EASJ东段至西太平洋上空的西风急流呈现出与之相反的变化型,北半球大气环流异常表现为大气遥相关的欧亚(EU)型.冬季EAPJ的两种异常模态还与东亚上空STEA异常密切联系,其中在北支STEA区域出现的瞬变异常以波列的形式沿STEA北支轴线传播到达东亚沿海上空,然后东传入洋面上空,而对于靠近STEA南支轴线的异常扰动活动则只能存在于东亚东部及其沿海上空的200 hPa层上.     

大气瞬变强迫对冬季西太平洋遥相关型影响

用NCEP/NCAR1948—2005年逐月和逐日资料,分别从天气尺度瞬变热力异常强迫和瞬变动力异常强迫两方面的作用着手,就大气瞬变异常强迫对冬季西太平洋遥相关(WP)型形成的影响进行了初步分析。通过分析表明,在对流层低层,天气尺度瞬变热力异常强迫对冬季WP型的形成主要起削弱作用,而瞬变动力异常强迫对WP型的形成没有明显的加强或削弱作用;在对流层中高层,瞬变热力和动力异常强迫都有助于WP型的形成和维持,而且瞬变动力异常强迫对WP型的形成和维持作用还存在南北非对称性的特点,即瞬变动力异常强迫对WP型的南北偶极子型中北区异常的形成和维持作用显著,而对WP型中的南区异常的形成作用不明显。研究还表明,天气尺度瞬变异常强迫对WP型形成的作用时间是次月尺度的。     

Influence of sedimentary setting on the use of magnetic susceptibility: examples from the Devonian of Belgium

Bulk magnetic susceptibility measurements on sedimentological samples from all geological periods have been used widely in the last two decades for correlations and as a proxy for sea‐level variations. This paper explores the link between magnetic susceptibility, depositional setting and environmental parameters. These environmental parameters include distal–proximal transects, microfacies successions and fourth‐order trends on different carbonate platform types (platform, ramp, carbonate mound or atoll) during different Devonian stages (Eifelian, Givetian and Frasnian). Average magnetic susceptibility values over a distal–proximal‐trending facies succession vary markedly with depositional setting. On carbonate platforms, average magnetic susceptibility generally increases towards the top of shallowing‐upward sequences. On a distal–proximal transect, average magnetic susceptibility is intermediate for the deepest facies, decreases for the reef belts and increases to a maximum in the back‐reef zone. In ramps and atolls, magnetic susceptibility trends clearly differ; average magnetic susceptibility generally decreases towards the top of shallowing‐upward sequences and is highest in the deepest facies. The strong relationship between magnetic susceptibility, facies and sequences implies a strong environmental influence. However, the different responses in the different platform types suggest that sea‐level changes leading to variation in detrital input is not the only parameter controlling average magnetic susceptibility values. Other primary or secondary processes also probably influenced magnetic mineral distribution. Primary processes such as carbonate production and water agitation during deposition are probably key factors. When carbonate production is high, the proportion of magnetic minerals is diluted and the magnetic susceptibility signal decreases. High water agitation during deposition will also selectively remove magnetic minerals and will lead to low average magnetic susceptibility values. These parameters explain the lowest values observed on the reef platform, inner ramp and atoll crown, which are all in areas characterized by higher carbonate production and greater water agitation during deposition. The lowest values observed in the lagoon inside the atoll crown can be related to detrital isolation by the atoll crown. However, other parameters such as biogenic magnetite production or diagenesis can also influence the magnetic signal. Diagenesis can change magnetism by creating or destroying magnetic minerals. However, the influence of diagenesis probably is linked strongly to the primary facies (permeability, amount of clay or organic matter) and probably enhanced the primary signal. The complexity of the signal gives rise to correlation problems between different depositional settings. Thus, while magnetic susceptibility has the potential to be an important correlation tool, the results of this investigation indicate that it cannot be used without consideration of sedimentary processes and depositional environments and without strong biostratigraphical control.     

东亚高空温带急流区经向风的季节变化及其与亚洲季风的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料研究东亚高空温带急流的位置、强度、结构和季节转换特征及其与亚洲季风的关系,发现温带急流在300 hPa高度上最为明显,在风场分布上表现为全风速大值脊线延伸区和流线密集区,冬季主要活动于120°E以西的45°-60°N地区,在逐日风场上对应着急流发生频数的高值区域,并与副热带急流有清晰的分界.对比温带急流和副热带急流中的经向风强度发现,温带急流区的北风分量明显强于副热带急流中的南风分量,在温带急流的形成和季节变化过程中经向风分量起着重要作用.温带急流所在区域为对流层纬向温度梯度大值区,同时经向温度梯度也比较大,因而温带急流位于具有最大纬向温度梯度同时又有南北方向温度梯度这样一个特定的区域,从而形成了温带急流与副热带急流不同的结构特征和季节变化,而东亚地区海陆热力差异引起的温度梯度及其季节转换是引起温带急流季节变化的主要原因.此外,温带急流的强度与副热带急流位置之间具有协同变化关系,温带急流区经向风强度的季节转换时间与东亚大气环流的季节转换、亚洲夏季风爆发和江淮流域梅雨开始也有着密切关系,与中国东部地区冬季和夏季的降水之间具有显著的相关关系.从气候平均的角度来看,温带急流强度变化早于亚洲季风爆发和梅雨开始时间,因而对亚洲季风爆发和梅雨开始有预示作用.     

甘南玛曲沼泽湿地土壤微生物量、理化因子与土壤酶活的关系

对甘南玛曲沼泽湿地6个样地的微生物量与土壤酶活性及其土壤理化性质之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:纤维素酶活性在冬季达到高峰,其余5种土壤酶活性分别在春季和秋季达到高峰;硝化细菌数量与过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶有较显著的负相关关系;微生物量与酶活性之间存在极显著相关关系,其中微生物量因子中的放线菌、氨化细菌、硝化细菌和土壤酶活性因子中的酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶是引起相关性的主要因素;酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤含水率、pH值、硝态氮含量、氨态氮含量都有密切的关系,过氧化氢酶活性可以通过有机质的含量来反映,脲酶活性可以通过土壤的含水率来反映,碱性磷酸酶活性可以通过电导率来反映.