南海真光层深度的遥感反演

海水真光层是指海洋浮游植物进行光合作用的水层,海水真光层深度的反演有利于对海洋初级生产力的估算。介绍了真光层深度的遥感反演算法,并根据实测资料,通过经验拟合得到南海海水真光层深度与海水漫衰减系数Kd(490)的关系:zeu=2.784/Kd(490)。经过与实测资料的对比发现,与其它通过叶绿素估算真光层深度的算法相比,本算法的精度明显提高。利用遥感估算的Kd(490)数据计算2003年南海的真光层深度,结果表明,南海陆源营养成分的输入以及南海环流是影响南海真光层变化的主要因素。     

美国海洋监测集成系统项目IOOS介绍

1　综述海洋对我们非常重要 ,是气象系统的发源地 ,天气和气候的改变者 ,海洋商贸的基础 ,国家安全的屏障 ,自然资源的最大仓库 ,娱乐场所、天然的课堂和自然实验室。海滨人口的急剧增长使得对海洋的索取也迅速增加 ,从而对海滨生态系统平衡的破坏威胁更大 ,人口的增长有可能导致一些自然灾害。要提高生存质量、对海洋环境有效管理、对自然资源的可持续利用 ,这些都有赖于 :快速检测到海洋生态环境和生物资源的变化 ;为公众及时预测这些变化及其结果。但目前我们还不具备这种能力。从历史上看 ,美国对这些挑战有一些应对方法 ,但这些方法是…     

The impact of oil-derived products on the behaviour and biochemistry of the eleven-armed asteroid Coscinasterias muricata (Echinodermata)

The present study examines the impact of exposure to oil-derived products on the behaviour and physiology of the Australian 11-armed asteroid Coscinasterias muricata. Asteroids were exposed to dilutions of water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Bass Strait stabilised crude oil, dispersed oil or burnt oil (n = 8) for 4 days whereby, prey-localisation behaviour was examined immediately after exposure, and following 2, 7, and 14 days depuration in clean seawater. The prey-localisation behaviour of asteroids exposed to WAF and dispersed oil was significantly affected though recovery was apparent following 7 and 14 days depuration, respectively. In contrast, there was no significant change in the prey-localisation behaviour of asteroids exposed to burnt oil. Behavioural impacts were correlated with the total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations (C6-C36) in each exposure solution, WAF (1.8 mg l(-1)), dispersed oil (3.5 mg l(-1)) and burnt oil (1.14 mg l(-1), respectively. The total microsomal cytochrome P450 content was significantly lower (P(Dunnett test) < 0.01) in asteroids exposed to dispersed oil than in any other asteroids, whilst asteroid alkaline phosphatase activity was not significantly affected (P(ANOVA) = 0.11). This study further documents the deleterious impact of dispersed oil to marine organisms and supports further research in the area of in situ burning as a less damaging oil spill response measure towards benthic macro-invertebrates.     

海洋初级生产力的遥感研究进展

近年来，海洋初级生产力的遥感反演成为科学界研究的热点问题之一．海洋初级生产力的遥感模型发展迅速．本文综述了海洋初级生产力遥感历史、近几年海洋初级生产力遥感估算模型的新发展和各种模型的局限性．结合各种初级生产力模型，讨论了模型建立所需要的参数；并讨论了初级生产力遥感的主要发展趋势，即根据各个海区的生物一光学特性，对初级生产力参数的估算将越来越区域化．     

Sensor Web现状

1　概述随意散落在几平方公里土地上的小传感器组成的无线网络 ,也许横过火星表面或进入苍翠繁茂的热带雨林之内。每个胡桃大小的采集仪如同一个乒乓球球 ,因有一定重量而底部入地 ,并且露出它的太阳板在外。每个采集仪 (传感器组 )内装有一个微小的芯片 ,芯片上有几个采集器 ,每个用于采集不同的参数 ,如温度、湿度、气压 ,甚至能嗅出不同气体类型的电子鼻 ( Enose)。每一个传感器所采集的信息很快通过 Sensor Web (即内部收发器所组成的网 )传到一个上行链路节点 ,这些数据被上传到一台计算机 ,科学家们就可以编辑与分析了。　　因为采…     

Observations of HCN in comet P/Halley

We present observations of the HCN J = 1-0 rotational transition at 3.4 mm wavelength in comet P/Halley. The data were obtained during a total of 56 individual observing sessions between November 1985 and May 1986 and represent the first time that a cometary parent molecule has been so extensively monitored. The HCN production rate is well correlated with the total visual magnitude of the comet, and comparison of the HCN production to the total gas production of the comet indicates that it is a relatively minor constituent with 0.1% the abundance of H2O. Comparison of HCN and CN production suggests that HCN is a major parent molecule of CN, but probably not the sole parent. HCN spectra obtained by binning the data with heliocentric distance show that the line width, and thus the parent outflow velocity, increases with decreasing heliocentric distance, and that there is a tendency for the lines to be blue shifted due to anisotropic outgassing from the nucleus. Finally, there is evidence of day-to-day time variability in the total HCN emission and in the hyperfine ratios. The time variation of the total emission is consistent with the known time variable behavior of the comet, and detailed comparisons to optical data, where possible, confirm this interpretation. However, non-LTE values of the hyperfine ratios are not consistent with theoretical modeling of the excitation of these transitions.     

珠江河口混浊高产水域叶绿素a浓度的遥感估算模型

近年来为提高混浊高产水体叶绿素a浓度的估算精度,Gitelson等提出了一种基于红与近红外3个波段遥感反射率的概念模型.文章基于2004年的实测数据,检验该概念模型在珠江河口水域的适用性,估算该概念模型以及它的特殊形式--两波段模型对应的光谱位置,在此基础上构建利用卫星数据提取珠江河口水域叶绿素a浓度的遥感估算模型.结果表明,珠江河口混浊高产水域叶绿素a浓度与三波段模型和两波段模型均有很强的线性相关性,相关系数分别达到0.91与0.88.构建的三波段模型和两波段模型估算的叶绿素a浓度与实测叶绿素a浓度的均方根差(RMSE)分别为5.82mg·m-3和6.53mg·m-3,精度高于其他常用算法.根据MERIS的波段设置构建的三波段模型估算的叶绿素a浓度与实测叶绿素a浓度的RMSE为6.47mg·m-3,显示了良好的应用潜力.     

卷积神经网络和视觉注意力语义分割模型在高分辨率遥感影像分类中的性能分析

随着深度学习语义分割的快速发展,基于计算机视觉语义分割模型的高分辨率遥感影像分类方法也大量涌现。为系统定量地研究经典的和先进的视觉语义分割模型在遥感影像分类中的性能,在总结深度学习语义分割进展的基础上,选择9种基于卷积神经网络(CNN)和视觉注意力的语义分割算法,对米级和厘米级2个尺度的遥感数据集进行分析研究。在模型构建上基于计算机视觉通用的语义分割框架,训练时采用红绿蓝3波段遥感图像并基于ImageNet预训练权重进行迁移学习训练。研究结果表明：通用的语义分割模型通过常规训练设置进行训练能取得较好的遥感影像分类效果,部分地物的交并比(IoU)可以达到90%以上;基于视觉注意力的遥感影像分类模型的精度普遍高于基于CNN的模型,且MaskFormer能更有效地提取离散的地物信息;不同类别的精度最高值并不全在总体最优模型中,部分会存在于次优模型中;类似的地物在更高分辨率遥感数据集中可以获得更高的精度。     

Impacts of gold mine waste disposal on deepwater fish in a pristine tropical marine system

Little is known about the impacts of mine waste disposal, including deep-sea tailings, on tropical marine environments and this study presents the first account of this impact on deepwater fish communities. The Lihir gold mine in Papua New Guinea has deposited both excavated overburden and processed tailings slurry into the coastal environment since 1997. The abundances of fish species and trace metal concentrations in their tissues were compared between sites adjacent to and away from the mine. In this study (1999-2002), 975 fish of 98 species were caught. Significantly fewer fish were caught close to the mine than in neighbouring regions; the highest numbers were in regions distant from the mine. The catch rates of nine of the 17 most abundant species were lowest, and in three species were highest, close to the mine. There appears to be limited contamination in fish tissues caused by trace metals disposed as mine waste. Although arsenic (several species) and mercury (one species) were found in concentrations above Australian food standards. However, as in the baseline (pre-mine) sampling, it appears they are accumulating these metals mostly from naturally-occurring sources rather than the mine waste.