福建省冬季暴雨过程及其环流特征

利用福建省66个气象观测站1960年12月至2008年2月的暴雨资料,分析了福建冬季暴雨的时空特征及主要影响天气系统。结果表明,冬季暴雨主要发生在闽西;福建冬季暴雨主要是南支槽东移、切变线维持和冷空气南下影响所致;冬季暴雨的产生与充沛的水汽、对流不稳定和辐合上升运动密切相关,但大气层结比汛期暴雨要稳定得多;冬季暴雨异常与500 hPa大气环流和赤道中东太平洋海温异常关系密切,它们可能主要通过大气环流的改变引起福建冬季暴雨异常。     

The origin of refractory minerals in comet 81P/Wild 2

Refractory Ti-bearing minerals in the calcium-, aluminum-rich inclusion (CAI) Inti, recovered from the comet 81P/Wild 2 sample, were examined using analytical (scanning) transmission electron microscopy (STEM) methods including imaging, nanodiffraction, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Inti fassaite (Ca(Mg,Ti,Al)(Si,Al)₂O₆) was found to have a Ti³⁺/Ti⁴⁺ ratio of 2.0 ± 0.2, consistent with fassaite in other solar system CAIs. The oxygen fugacity (logf_O2) of formation estimated from this ratio, assuming equilibration among phases at 1509 K, is −19.4 ± 1.3. This value is near the canonical solar nebula value (−18.1 ± 0.3) and in close agreement with that reported for fassaite-bearing Allende CAIs (−19.8 ± 0.9) by other researchers using the same assumptions. Nanocrystals of osbornite (Ti(V)N), 2–40 nm in diameter, are embedded as inclusions within gehlenite, spinel and diopside in Inti. Vanadium is heterogeneously distributed within some osbornite crystals. Compositions range from pure TiN to Ti_0.36V_0.64N. The possible presence of oxide and carbide in solid solution with the osbornite was evaluated. The osbornite may contain O, but C is not present at detectable levels. The presence of osbornite, likely a refractory early condensate, together with the other refractory minerals in Inti, indicates that the parent comet contains solids that condensed closer to the proto-sun than the distance at which the parent comet itself accreted. The estimated oxygen fugacity and the reported isotopic and chemical compositions are consistent with Inti originating in the inner solar system like other meteoritic CAIs. These results provide insight for evaluating the validity of models of radial mass transport dynamics in the early solar system. The oxidation environments inferred for the Inti mineral assemblage are inconsistent with an X-wind formation scenario. In contrast, radial mixing models that allow accretion of components from different heliocentric distances can satisfy the observations from the cometary CAI Inti.     

模拟退火算法在江苏及邻区地震定位中的应用

使用模拟退火算法,以2019年4月6日江苏溧水M_L 3.3地震为典型震例,进行地震定位反演试算,确定适用于江苏及邻区地震定位的最佳初始温度、降温策略和扰动函数。设置初始温度为25,降温策略为T = 0.96T,选用效率较高的局部收敛加强型方法产生随机模型,对2019年江苏及周边地区105次M_L≥1.8地震进行重新定位,结果表明,76%的事件震中经、纬度定位误差绝对值在0.1°以内,但深度定位误差较大。鉴于该算法对P波到时信息及地震台站空间分布的依赖性,认为模拟退火算法在江苏及邻区陆地地震定位中效果较好,对于海域地震,则定位误差较大。     

Synergistic effects of environmental regulations on carbon productivity growth in China’s major industrial sectors

Natural Hazards - It is crucial that the implementation of environmental regulations have a positive synergistic effect on carbon productivity growth (i.e., environmentally adjusted productivity...     

热动力条件对白云凹陷深水区珠海组砂岩成岩演化过程的影响

珠江口盆地白云凹陷位于中国南海北部,是目前我国深水油气勘探研究的重要区域.盆地现今大地热流值为24.2～121.0mW/m^2,单井现今地温梯度(Gra)最高可达6.64℃/100m,具"热盆"属性.白云凹陷裂后沉降阶段,特别是白云运动(23.8Ma)发生之后,盆地由断裂控盆转变为断裂、热作用共同控盆,热作用及热动力条件成为控制研究区储层成岩演化过程的重要因素,珠海组地层的镜质体反射率值、砂岩中次生流体包裹体均一温度、热液成因自生矿物等热流背景及岩石学记录为这一观点提供了有力证据.通过铸体薄片显微镜下观察与定量统计、电镜扫描观察、X-射线衍射分析等,发现白云凹陷北部中-低地温梯度(LGR,Gra≤4.5℃/100m)和南部高地温梯度(HGR,Gra>4.5℃/100m)两个地区珠海组砂岩的成岩作用特征、成岩演化过程存在以下差异:(1)中-低地温梯度地区珠海组砂岩的压实作用主要是静岩压实作用;高地温梯度地区珠海组砂岩的原生孔隙受静岩压实作用和热压实作用的共同控制,压实减孔速率高,等孔隙度埋深显著变浅;(2)地层升温速率的增大加快了储层中粘土矿物转化的速率,高地温梯度地区高岭石消失的埋深界限较中-低地温梯度地区浅,I/S(伊利石/蒙皂石混层)有序化进程较中-低地温梯度地区有所加快;(3)中-低地温梯度地区珠海组砂岩成岩演化过程属正常有序演变,高地温梯度地区受构造热事件的影响明显,深部流体参与了高地温梯度地区珠海组砂岩的成岩演化过程,地层孔隙水物质交换过程复杂,成岩演化进程加快,改变了碳酸盐矿物溶解-沉淀热平衡状态,各成岩作用过程活跃并出现一些典型的热液成因自生矿物组合.     

沙漠微生物矿化覆膜及其稳定性的现场试验研究

将微生物诱导矿化技术应用于原位沙漠覆膜的形成,使得流动沙丘经结皮固定而成为半固定、固定沙丘,从根本上阻断沙尘暴的源头。在内蒙古乌兰布和沙漠腹地选择两个微生物矿化试验区域（TP1和TP3）,分别用于两种不同矿化菌种诱导生成碳酸钙覆膜。研究沙漠微生物矿化覆膜的现场试验方法及工艺,对原位矿化覆膜的强度及其在沙漠环境中的长期稳定性进行跟踪检测。采用沙漠土中自行提取的葡萄球菌和传统的巴氏芽孢杆菌两种不同的微生物矿化菌种,通过现场贯入试验检测7、14、28、60、210 d后矿化覆膜沿深度发展的贯入阻力,并将覆膜厚度为2 cm处的平均贯入阻力换算成覆膜层强度,总结覆膜强度随时间的发展变化规律。现场观测结果显示,不同微生物菌种诱导生成的矿化覆膜均在试验的第4天开始形成,到第7天覆膜层具有稳定的强度和厚度,现场检测覆膜的平均厚度为2.0～2.5 cm,经自源葡萄球菌诱导生成的矿化覆膜（TP1）的强度是巴氏芽孢杆菌诱导生成的矿化覆膜（TP3）强度的1.05倍。当经历冬春交替后覆膜层强度都有不同程度的降低,明显地TP3较TP1区域表面剥落更为严重,第210天检测TP3的平均厚度为0.7～1.0 cm,覆膜强度较第7天时降低19%,覆膜内碳酸钙含量较第7天检测时降低15%～30%。而TP1在第210天时的强度较第7天时强度降低仅2%。因此,微生物诱导矿化技术可以应用于沙漠原位覆膜的形成,且沙漠自源葡萄球菌经诱导生成的矿化覆膜层具有更好的强度表现和稳定性。     

白云凹陷第三系储层中铁白云石的成因机理及与CO2活动的关系

白云凹陷第三系储层中发育大量的铁白云石,受研究区热流背景的影响,铁白云石主要见于高地温梯度地区埋深1000～3000m、地层温度60～130℃的浅—中部地层中及CO_2热流体活动区域。铁白云石的δ~(13)C值(-2.83‰～-1.83‰)具有无机成因的特征,与研究区气藏中幔源岩浆成因CO_2的δ~(13)C值较为一致,铁白云石的δ~(18)O值(-9.45‰～-5.37‰)和~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr值(0.7101～0.7161)也反映了其沉淀受到深部热流体活动的影响。以两口典型CO_2气井为例,储层中流体包裹体均一温度及蒙脱石向伊利石的演化特征证明储层经历了热流体侵入;CO_2热流体活动区域不仅是铁白云石集中分布地带,并出现片钠铝石+铁白云石+菱铁矿等示踪CO_2运移、聚集的自生矿物组合。地层中铁白云石、高岭石含量与气藏中CO_2的含量呈正相关关系,绿泥石含量与CO_2、铁白云石含量呈反消长关系。高地温梯度地区丰富的CO_2热流体活动是该地区储层中铁白云石沉淀与含量高的重要原因,无机岩浆成因CO_2是铁白云石沉淀的主要碳源,CO_2热流体充注造成绿泥石等黏土矿物异常转化,为铁白云石沉淀提供了所需的Fe~(2+)、Mg~(2+)离子。     

Study on wetting deformation characteristics of coarse granular materials and its simulation in core-wall rockfill dams

The wetting deformation of coarse granular materials is often considered to be an important cause of the core wall rockfill dam cracks during impounding. By analyzing existing research results, this paper proposes a hyperbolic relationship between the wetting axial strain and wetting stress level and puts forwards a warped surface relationship among spherical stress, shear stress, and the ratio of wetting volumetric strain to wetting axial strain. To illustrate its practicability, the wetting strain model's parameter determination process is introduced and the rockfill materials wetting parameters are determined using the triaxial wetting test data. Moreover, the collapse settlement of Guanyinyan rockfill dam during first impounding is numerically simulated using the proposed method to calculate rockfill wetting deformation and verified by field measurements and monitoring data. The results show that the calculative method of wetting deformation proposed in this paper is reasonable and practical; the wetting deformation of upstream rockfill materials would cause an adverse deformation trend, which may lead to crack occurrence at the upstream slope and dam crest; and the Guanyinyan rockfill dam cracks on the top of junction mainly caused by the wetting deformation of upstream rockfill.     

Performance of the CMA-GD Model in Predicting Wind Speed at Wind Farms in Hubei, China

This study assesses the predictive capabilities of the CMA-GD model for wind speed prediction in two wind farms located in Hubei Province, China. The observed wind speeds at the height of 70m in wind turbines of two wind farms in Suizhou serve as the actual observation data for comparison and testing. At the same time, the wind speed predicted by the EC model is also included for comparative analysis. The results indicate that the CMA-GD model performs better than the EC model in Wind Farm A. Th...