Characteristics of coseismic water level changes at Tangshan well for the Wenchuan MS_8.0 earthquake and its larger aftershocks

Coseismic water level changes which may have been induced by the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake and its 15 larger aftershocks(MS≥5.4) have been observed at Tangshan well.We analyze the correlation between coseismic parameters(maximum amplitude, duration, coseismic step and the time when the coseismic reach its maximum amplitude) and earth-quake parameters(magnitude, well-epicenter distance and depth), and then compare the time when the coseismic oscillation reaches its maximum amplitude with the seismogram from ...     

Characteristics of coseismic water level changes at Tangshan well for the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake and its larger aftershocks

Coseismic water level changes which may have been induced by the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake and its 15 larger aftershocks (M_S≥?5.4) have been observed at Tangshan well. We analyze the correlation between coseismic parameters (maximum amplitude, duration, coseismic step and the time when the coseismic reach its maximum amplitude) and earthquake parameters (magnitude, well-epicenter distance and depth), and then compare the time when the coseismic oscillation reaches its maximum amplitude with the seismogram from Douhe seismic station which is about 16.3 km away from Tangshan well. The analysis indicates that magnitude is the main factor influencing the induced coseismic water level changes, and that the well-epicenter distance and depth have less influence. M_S magnitude has the strongest correlation with the coseismic water level changes comparing to M_W and M_L magnitudes. There exists strong correlation between the maximum amplitude, step size and the oscillation duration. The water level oscillation and step are both caused by dynamic strain sourcing from seismic waves. Most of the times when the oscillations reach their maximum amplitudes are between S and Rayleigh waves. The coseismic water level changes are due to the co-effect of seismic waves and hydro-geological environments.     

前陆冲断带复杂构造解析与建模——以准噶尔盆地南缘第一排背斜带为例

构造解析应从构造的变形机制、变形过程、变形量和变形时间四个方面入手,合理的构造解释方案是构造解析的基础,论文将等倾角区划分和轴面分析等几何学方法应用到地震解释中,从以上4个方面对准噶尔盆地南缘第一排背斜带做了系统的构造解析。地层结构揭示第一排背斜带深部发育楔状构造,楔状构造由5个古生界—中生界组成的断层转折褶皱叠加而成,是潜在的勘探目标群。在构造楔沿侏罗系西山窑组煤层向北扩展过程中,台阶状逆断层的大部分位移量沿构造楔顶部的反冲断层向南消减,另一部分位移量则沿西山窑组煤层向北传递至第二排背斜带,在总位移量保持稳定的前提下,第一排背斜带和第二排背斜带在走向上的此消彼长,反映位移量在南、北两个方向上的转换。     

Comparison of soil moisture products from microwave remote sensing,land model,and reanalysis using global ground observations

High-quality soil moisture (SM) datasets are in great demand for climate, hydrology, and other fields, but detailed evaluation of SM products from various sources is scarce. Thus, using 670 SM stations worldwide, we evaluated and compared SM products from microwave remote sensing [Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) (C- and X-bands) and European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI)], land surface model [Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS)], and reanalysis data [ECMWF Re-Analysis-Interim (ERA-Interim) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)] under different time scales and various climates and land covers. We find that: (a) ESA CCI and GLDAS have the closest values to the in situ SM on the annual scale, whereas others overestimate the SM; ERA-Interim (averaged R = 0.58) and ESA CCI (averaged R = 0.54) correlate best with the in situ data, while GLDAS performs worst. (b) Overall, the deviations of each product vary in seasons. ESA CCI and ERA-Interim products are closer to the in situ SM at seasonal scales, and AMSR-E and NCEP perform worst in December–February and June–August, respectively. (c) Except for NCEP and ERA-Interim, others can well reflect the intermonthly variation of the in situ SM. (d) Under various climates and land covers, AMSR-E products are less effective in cold climates, whereas GLDAS and NCEP products perform poorly in arid or temperate and dry climates. Moreover, the Bias and R of each SM product differ obviously under different forest types, especially the AMSR-E products. In summary, SM from ESA CCI is the best, followed by ERA-Interim product, and precipitation is an important auxiliary data for selecting high-quality SM stations and improving the accuracy of SM from GLDAS. These results can provide a reference for improving the accuracy of the above SM products.     

The evolution of the Gulf of Corinth (Greece): an aftershock study of the 1981 earthquakes

Summary. A preliminary study of the aftershocks of three earthquakes that occurred near to Corinth (Greece) in 1981 is combined with observations of the morphology and faulting to understand the evolution of the Eastern Gulf of Corinth. The well located aftershocks form a zone 60km long and 20km wide. They do not lie on the main fault planes and are mostly located between the north-dipping faulting on which the first two earthquakes occurred and the south-dipping faulting associated with the third event. A cluster of aftershocks also lies in the footwall of the eastern end of the south-dipping fault of the third event.
Morphologically, it is observed that in the evolution of the Eastern Gulf of Corinth, antithetic faulting apparently predates the appearance of the main faulting at the surface. This evolution can be explained by motion on a deep seated, shallow angle, aseismic normal fault. A model based on such a fault also accounts for the aftershock distribution of the 1981 earthquakes.     

基于GIS的三峡工程万州库区滑坡灾害信息系统

三峡工程万州库区滑坡灾害监测系统已经平稳运行5年时间,并获取了大量的观测数据,如何处理分析这些数据已成为一个重要问题。作者在综合分析各种监测数据特征的基础上,开发了滑坡灾害信息系统。该信息系统是以MapInfo为依托平台,以可视化编程语言VISUAL C++为开发工具,采用地图集成开发模式完成的。本文首先介绍了系统的研制目标和开发环境,以及地图数据和观测数据的组织和构成;而后介绍了系统的体系结构和主要功能;最后,作者介绍了系统开发中所运用到的地图集成及信息回调等关键技术和方法。该信息系统已经成为管理和处理各种类型的监测数据的强大的工具,并在相关部门获得了成功的应用。实践也证明地图集成开发是一种较为有效的GIS应用的开发模式。     

1950~2011年渤海地区海表风场的季节特征与多尺度变化分析

基于1950~2011年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对渤海10 m风场的风速与风向变化进行多尺度分析。利用小波分析、交叉谱分析等方法对渤海海域的海表风速、风向的变化趋势以及周期进行研究。分析发现：渤海地区海表风的风向与风速除了存在显著的季节性变化特征外,在年际、年代际的变化尺度上也有明显的周期性。风向存在1 a、8.7 a、15.8 a的显著周期,风速存在1 a、6.3 a、15 a的显著周期。风向与风速在时间尺度分别为20 a、5.71 a、2.67 a时存在显著共振周期;共振周期受东亚季风、西太平副热带高压的年际、年代际变化的影响呈现出多尺度变化周期。     

Design of bentonite/crushed rock seals

Summary The use of bentonite/crushed rock mixtures to form hydraulic barriers has greatly increased in recent years. To obtain an appropriate composition for such mixture sealants generally requires extensive laboratory work. Bentonite content and gradation of the crushed rock component are two key parameters in the seal design. This study investigates the effect of crushed rock gradation on the bulk porosity and permeability of systems of crushed tuff particles. Five different gradations are selected from the literature. The bulk porosity of systems of crushed tuff in the presence of bentonite is examined. The Fuller-Thompson gradations yield denser particle arrangements. For mixture samples containing 15% bentonite by weight, the amount of clay accounts for only 45 to 56% of the weight required to fill the interparticle pore space. The bentonite occupancy percentage amounts to 65 to 80% and 75 to 86.5% for samples having 25 and 35% bentonite by weight, respectively. The water content of bentonite at saturation is reduced and the resistance to piping and flow of bentonite is enhanced by the addition of clay. To reduce the bulk porosities of the mixtures containing 25% or more bentonite, a compaction energy higher than the standard Proctor compaction is necessary.     

亚欧及北太平洋相当正压层高度的分析及数值模拟

本文利用相当正压层方法,分析了亚欧及北太平洋中纬度地区47个站点的相当正压层高度,其结果与文献[1]类似。计算表明:亚欧及北太平洋的相当正压层高度平均位于359hPa,略去高原站点后,平原地区的平均高度为374hPa。相当正压层是一个波动很大的不同气压的曲面,并随地区和季节变化较大。高原和西风急流的强弱可能都是其影响因子,尤其是高原的作用值得进一步探讨。数值模拟也证实了300hPa上Rossby波比500hPa效果好。