Characteristics and Origin of Tight Oil Accumulations in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin, North-Central China

The Upper Triassic oil accumulations in the Ordos Basin is the most successful tight oil play in China,with average porosity values of less than 10% and permeability values below 1.0 mD.This study investigated the geological characteristics and origin of the tight oil accumulations in the Chang 6 member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Shanbei area based on over 50,000 petrological,source-rock analysis,well logging and production data.The tight oil accumulation of the Chang 6 member is distributed continuously in the basin slope and the centre of the basin.The oilwater relationships are complex.Laumontite dissolution pores are the most important storage spaces,constituting 30%-60% of total porosity and showing a strong positive relationship with oil production.The pore-throat diameter is less than 1 μm,and the calculated critical height of the oil column is much larger than the tight sand thickness,suggesting that the buoyancy was probably of limited importance for oil migration.The pressure difference between the source rocks and sandstone reservoirs is inferred to have provided driving force for hydrocarbon migration.Two factors of source-reservoir configuration and laumontite dissolution contributed to the formation of the Chang 6 tight oil accumulations.Intense hydrocarbon generation and continuous sand bodies close to the hydrocarbon kitchen are the foundation for the large-scale oil distribution.Dissolution of feldspar-laumontite during the process of organic matter evolution generated abundant secondary pores and improved the reservoir quality.     

现代银杏叶脉参数初步研究

对南京现生银杏叶片的长枝阳叶、短枝阳叶和短枝阴叶的形态参数和叶脉参数进行观察和度量。结果显示:长枝阳叶、短枝阳叶和短枝阴叶的叶脉密度分别为14.78±2.44 cm、16.05±2.57cm、15.31±2.34 cm,叶脉指数分别为0.090±0.026、0.098±0.037、0.091±0.027,差别不显著。表明,银杏叶生长位置和光照强度对其叶脉参数影响不大。     

构造物理模拟和PIV有限应变分析对构造裂缝预测的启示

油气储层中构造裂缝发育与有限应变状态关系密切,为了探索有限应变分析与构造裂缝预测的新技术方法,此次研究设计完成了一组单侧挤压收敛模型的物理模拟实验,并引入粒子图像测速(PIV,Particle Image Velocimetry)技术对实验过程进行了定量化分析。实验模型在垂向上为含粘性层的多层结构,实验结果形成了一个肉眼可见的箱状褶皱。通过PIV技术可以获取实验模型变形演化过程中各阶段的位移场数据,计算出各阶段的增量应变,实现从初始状态到褶皱形成之后整个变形过程的有限应变分析,探讨构造裂缝成因机制和分布规律,进行定量化裂缝预测。挤压变形过程初期,应变分布范围很广,有限应变较弱(约4%~8%),在挤压方向上的线应变表现为弱压应变,在垂向上的线应变表现为弱张应变,这种现象是褶皱和断层产生前平行层缩短和层增厚的纯剪变形结果,也是区域型张裂缝和剪裂缝形成的主要机制。褶皱和断层即将发育之时至发育之后,应变局限在断层发育的剪切带及附近区域,有限应变表现为较强(达20%)的剪切应变和剪切张应变,是断层面附近简单剪切变形作用的结果,也是局部型剪裂缝和张剪裂缝形成的主要机制。     

医巫闾山地区早白垩世同伸展花岗岩就位机制

石山岩体形成的时间约为124Ma,是医巫闾山地区早白垩世NWW向伸展变形的同构造花岗岩体。花岗岩的主量、微量元素含量表现出埃达克质岩浆的特点,SiO 2、Al2O3及碱性组分含量较高,而Fe2OT3和MgO含量较低,岩浆锆石εHf(t)值=-26.7~-20.3、tDM2=2.0~2.3Ga,表明岩浆来源于华北陆块加厚下地壳的部分熔融。通过对围岩变形组构与岩体中岩浆组构的分析,可将石山岩体的就位过程划分为三个阶段。在岩浆底劈、膨胀作用和围岩伸展滑移的共同影响下,石山岩体最终形成了主体呈近圆形、西部发育两个岩墙的形态。岩浆就位过程与围岩变形组构的相互关系,表明中、浅部地壳的伸展变形可以控制岩浆的就位过程和最终形态,但与下地壳部分熔融的关系不大,岩石圈减薄及区域伸展应力场是下地壳发生部分熔融的诱因。     

黑龙江省嫩江县三矿沟Cu-Fe-Mo矿床岩浆岩成因研究

三矿沟Cu-Fe-Mo矿床是大兴安岭地区三矿沟—多宝山构造-成矿带中一个比较典型的矽卡岩型矿床。在大量野外地质调查、室内岩矿鉴定的基础上,对与成矿有关的三矿沟复式英云(花岗)闪长岩体的岩石地球化学特征进行了分析,探讨了该岩体的成因类型和构造环境。研究表明,该矿床岩浆岩体属于钙碱性I型花岗岩,具有大陆地壳的特征,形成于与造山花岗岩有关的火山弧环境或相似的构造环境中,主要与造山阶段的火山弧花岗岩关系密切。稀土元素配分图显示向右缓倾斜的轻稀土元素富集型特点,轻、重稀土分馏较为明显,无明显的负铕异常,暗示其具有相同或相近的成因,也反映了同源岩浆的特点。δEu值介于0.81~1.24,δCe值为1.00~1.13,表明岩浆演化过程中发生了微弱的分离结晶作用,同时又受到同化混染作用的一定影响,其成岩环境氧逸度较低,指示了缺氧环境,有利于金属元素的积聚而形成矿床。     

青海可可西里地质遗迹及其构造演化

青海可可西里自石炭纪以来经历了复杂的构造演化和地表过程,形成了集高山、宽谷、夷平面、冰川、热泉、河流和湖泊等地貌元素为一体的高原高寒地貌,同时还包括了蛇绿混杂岩带、活动断裂带、地震遗迹和火山遗迹等地质元素。在调研前人研究资料和实地野外考察基础之上,根据IUCN(2005)提出的13类地质主题分类标准将区内的地质遗迹分为地质构造、火山和地热遗迹、山脉、地层剖面、河流和湖泊、现代冰川、冰期遗迹7类,共计60余处地质遗迹点。可可西里地质遗迹对重建古特提斯构造域、研究天然地震机制、青藏高原北部隆升过程及全球气候变化均具有重要的意义。基于可可西里区内地质遗迹和前人资料恢复出可可西里石炭纪以来经历了8个构造演化阶段。     

松潘—甘孜造山带北部岗龙地区巴颜喀拉山群地球化学特征和锆石U-Pb年代学特征:对物源及构造环境的启示

为探讨岗龙地区巴颜喀拉山群沉积的形成构造环境和约束其物质来源,对其岩进行了锆石U-Pb定年和岩石地球化学研究。结果显示,巴颜喀拉山群沉积岩主要为硬砂岩,Si O2=57.09%~71.96%,Al2O3=10.46%~16.03%,CIA=49~63。稀土元素具有轻-中等的轻重稀土分异,具有弱的Eu负异常。巴颜喀拉山群碎屑锆石年龄分布范围大,有3个峰值:212~500Ma,1711~2000Ma,2200~2500Ma。研究表明,巴颜喀拉山群形成年龄在209~252Ma之间,其形成于岛弧环境中,且主要物质来源是昆仑地块和羌塘地块。     

宁波沿海陆源排污口放线菌(Actinomycetales sp.)的分布特点

利用454高通量测序技术对宁波沿海10个陆源排污口20个站位的放线菌的时空分布及5个工业排污口的放线菌的种类作了整体分析。成功鉴定出了83个属,84个种。研究结果显示:放线菌在陆源排污口的分布呈现季节性分布,从3月份到10月份,放线菌数量呈现先升高后下降的变化,5月份和8月份数量居高,在3月份和10月份偏低;在综合排污口(S4,S6,S8和S9)检测频次较高,在工业排污口(S1,S3,S5,S7和S10)检测频次居中,在市政排污口(S2)检出频次最低。不同类型的排污口,氨氮浓度的排出量不同,放线菌的种类和数量也不同。在5个工业排污口中,S7和S10检出的共同菌最多;在S7独自检出短双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium breve)、长双歧杆菌(B.longum)和两岐双岐杆菌(B.bifidum),表明存在粪源污染物;在S5检出皱孢链霉菌(Streptomyces scabrisporus)和硫藤黄链霉菌(S.thioluteus),显示有石油降解物和重金属的污染。总体上看,放线菌数量在距排污口外50m处略高于排污口处。排放指标越相似,菌的种类越接近。     

Development of a new method for efficiently calculating of evaporation from the phreatic aquifer in variably saturated flow modeling

In this paper, we proposed a new method that has been developed based on the surface soil moisture content (SSMC) to more efficiently calculate the groundwater evaporation in variably saturated flow modeling. In this method, the empirical formula to calculate evaporation was modified and the value of the formula varies from zero to one as a closed interval. In addition, the simulation code for calculating the groundwater evaporation based on the SSMC method was incorporated into the EOS9 module of Tough2, a variably saturated flow modeling code. Finally, two numerical tests and a case simulation were conducted to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the SSMC method. Simulation results indicate that the SSMC method is capable of appropriately simulating the characteristics of water flow in vadose zone and the amount of evaporation with the variable water table. And such results are in coincidence with the value calculated by the logistic function method, and fit well with the measured data globally rather than locally.     

海洋二号微波散射计极地海冰识别算法研究

An Antarctic sea ice identification algorithm on the HY-2A scatterometer(HSCAT) employs backscattering coefficient(σ0) and active polarization ratio(APR) for a preliminary sea ice identification.Then standard deviation(STD) filtering and space filtering are carried out.Finally,it is used to identify sea ice.A process uses a σ0,STD threshold and an APR as sea ice indicators.The sea ice identification results are verified using the sea ice distribution data of the ASMR2 released by the National Snow and Ice Data Center as a reference.The results show very good consistence of sea ice development trends,seasonal changes,area distribution,and sea ice edge distribution of the sea ice identification results obtained by this algorithm relative to the ASMR2 sea ice results.The accuracy of a sea ice coverage is 90.8% versus the ASMR2 sea ice results.This indicates that this algorithm is reliable.