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81.
The base of the Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous Drummond Basin, a major backarc extensional feature in eastern Australia which formed in response to detachment faulting, is extensively exposed in central Queensland. Here a crystalline basin floor is overlain by the Silver Hills Volcanics, a synrift sequence of predominantly silicic ash flow tuffs and lavas ranging to over 2 km in thickness. Detailed mapping of faults and stratigraphic logging of thickness changes within the Silver Hills Volcanics have allowed the rift-phase structural architecture that accompanied initial subsidence near the basin margin to be resolved. A complex mosaic of block faults with throws of up to 1 km is indicated. Locally developed mosaics may conform to, or depart from, the configuration predicted by the detachment faulting model. Structural fabric of the basement was a critical determinant of the extensional geometry. Distributed shear along pre-existing penetrative planar fabrics is considered to have accommodated hangingwall extension at lower strain rates whereas the propagation of tension fractures and the development of block faults by failure on pre-existing, brittle, basement dislocations facilitated extension at higher strain rates. The detachment fault inferred to lie beneath the extended hangingwall carapace has not been mapped at the surface and is thought to dissipate into a broad zone of distributed shear within basement to the east of the basin. Volcanism coincided with the initiation of extensional movements at which time deep crustal repositories for evolved magma were tapped by extensional fractures. The main extensional faults cutting the basinal succession were not used as conduits for magmatic products which were sourced from the basin margin and from extended hinterland to the east. 相似文献
82.
Robin Brett 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1977,41(3):443-445
Recent data suggest that the source region of mare basalts became compositionally closed at 4.42 Gy. presumably some 170 My. after the Moon accreted. Thermal-history models indicate that the outer part of the Moon could not have cooled to temperatures low enough to cause closure unless only the outer few hundred kilometers were initially molten. A total early lunar differentiation is therefore prohibited. The bulk of the Moon was therefore pristine and undifferentiated at the time of mare basalt formation. bl 相似文献
83.
84.
Geoffrey R. Hosack Brett R. Dumbauld Jennifer L. Ruesink David A. Armstrong 《Estuaries and Coasts》2006,29(6):1150-1160
The complexity of habitat structure created by aquatic vegetation is an important factor determining the diversity and composition
of soft-sediment coastal communities. The introduction of estuarine organisms, such as oysters or other forms of aquaculture,
that compete with existing forms of habitat structure, such as seagrass, may affect the availability of important habitat
refugia and foraging resources for mobile estuarine fish and decapods. Fish and invertebrate communities were compared between
adjacent patches of native seagrass (Zostera marina), nonnative cultured oyster (Crassostrea gigas), and unvegetated mudflat within a northeastern Pacific estuary. The composition of epibenthic meiofauna and small macrofaunal
organisms, including known prey of fish and decapods, was significantly related to habitat type. Densities of these epifauna
were significantly higher in structured habitat compared to unstructured mudflat. Benthic invertebrate densities were highest
in seagrass. Since oyster aquaculture may provide a structural substitute for seagrass being associated with increased density
and altered composition of fish and decapod prey resources relative to mudflat, it was hypothesized that this habitat might
also alter habitat preferences of foraging fish and decapods. The species composition of fish and decapods was more strongly
related to location within the estuary than to habitat, and fish and decapod species composition responded on a larger landscape
scale than invertebrate assemblages. Fish and decapod species richness and the size of ecologically and commercially important
species, such as Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), English sole (Parophrys vetulus), or lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), were not significantly related to habitat type. 相似文献
85.
86.
Brett S. Ketter Aaron A. Velasco Charles J. Ammon George E. Randall 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(7):1235-1255
We develop one-dimensional (1-D) path-specific velocity models in western China using new Rayleigh and Love wave group and
phase velocity dispersion measurements for 20 events in the region. The earthquakes were grouped into three geographic clusters
from which we compute the average phase and group velocity dispersion. We invert the average dispersion curves simultaneously
for 1-D shear-velocity models appropriate for the three central Asian paths, using three previous shear-velocity models as
initial models. The models are validated by forward modeling waveforms of recent events. The crustal thickness beneath western
China in the vicinity of the Lop Nor test site is 50–60 km and our velocity models are consistent with major geologic features
(e.g., basins and mountain ranges) and previous structural models for this region. 相似文献
87.
Seismicity of the South Sandwich Islands region 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
C P. Brett 《Geophysical Journal International》1977,51(2):453-464
Summary. South Sandwich Islands earthquakes have been relocated for the period 1964—mid 1974. Travel-times modified by station corrections, computed by applying the joint epicentre determination method (JED) to the major events, have been used. This results in the greatly improved definition of the active zone arising from the subduction of the South American plate beneath the young Sandwich plate. The detailed features of the seismicity are interpreted in terms of the tectonics of the area, and new evidence is presented which suggests that the penetration depth of the subducted slab may be greater than previously recognized. 相似文献
88.
Detailed stratigraphic analyses of Late Emsian and Early Eifelian (Lower to Middle Devonian) carbonate-dominated strata in the northern Appalachian Basin indicate anomalous, locally varying relative sea level changes and inversions of topography. The distribution of a major basal-bounding unconformity, basinal pinnacle reefs, local absence of parasequences, and eastward migration of shallow marine carbonate lithofacies and related biofacies in the Onondaga Limestone and underlying strata mark the retrograde migration of an elongate, northeast-southwest-trending area of positive relief, bordered on its cratonward side by a similarly migrating basin of intermediate depth. These features are thought to represent the forebulge and back-bulge basin of the Appalachian foreland basin system as it developed during a time of relative quiescence within the Acadian Orogeny. However, the relatively small size of the bulgelike feature (ca. 80-100-km-wide, 20-50-m positive relief), its great distance from the probable deformation front (>400 km), and the lack of a well-developed foredeep immediately adjacent to the bulgelike feature may indicate that it represents a smaller-scale flexural high ("flexural welt") superposed over the cratonward edge of the larger-scale classical forebulge of the basin. Development of shallow-water reefs on the crest of the bulge during sea level lowstand, followed by migration of the bulge and widespread transgression, permitted growth of economically significant pinnacle reefs in the deep basin center. Further subsurface reef exploration should concentrate along the projected position of the bulge during the basal Onondaga lowstand. 相似文献
89.
The stable carbon isotopic composition (expressed as δ13C) of herbivore remains is commonly used to reconstruct past changes in the relative abundance of C4 versus C3 grass biomass (C4 relative abundance). However, the strength of the relationship between herbivore δ13C and C4 relative abundance in extant ecosystems has not been thoroughly examined. We determined sources of variation in δ13C of bone collagen and tooth enamel of kangaroos (Macropus spp.) collected throughout Australia by measuring δ13C of bone collagen (779 individuals) and tooth enamel (694 individuals). An index of seasonal water availability, i.e. the distribution of rainfall in the C4 versus C3 growing seasons, was used as a proxy for C4 relative abundance, and this variable explained a large proportion of the variation in both collagen δ13C (68%) and enamel δ13C (68%). These figures increased to 78% and 77%, respectively, when differences between kangaroo species were accounted for. Vegetation characteristics, such as woodiness and the presence of an open forest canopy, had no effect on collagen or enamel δ13C. While there was no relationship between collagen δ13C and kangaroo age at death, tooth enamel produced later in life, following weaning, was enriched in 13C by 3.5‰ relative to enamel produced prior to weaning. From the observed relationships between seasonal water availability and collagen and enamel δ13C, enrichment factors (ε∗) for collagen-diet and enamel-diet (post-weaning) were estimated to be 5.2‰ ± 0.5 (95% CI) and 11.7‰ ± 0.6 (95% CI), respectively. The findings of this study confirm that at a continental scale, collagen and enamel δ13C of a group of large herbivores closely reflect C4 relative abundance. This validates a fundamental assumption underpinning the use of isotopic analysis of herbivore remains to reconstruct changes in C4 relative abundance. 相似文献
90.
Ross River flows through the Townsville/Thuringowa urban area in north Queensland, Australia, which has a dry tropical climate
characterized by high inter-annual rainfall variation. Unregulated rivers in the Ross catchment basin deliver freshwater flows
to their estuaries during both strong and weak wet seasons. The construction of a series of dams and weirs on Ross River means
the wet-dry cycle is accentuated, leading to constant marine salinities throughout the estuary becoming the norm, with a lack
of freshwater flow for five or more years at a time. The fish fauna of Ross River estuary was sampled in the post wet and
dry seasons during an extremely dry climatic period (1994) and extremely wet climatic period (2000) using a small mesh (6
mm) pocket seine net. The fish fauna seemed to reflect seasonal differences. Catches from 1994 (dry period) were comprised
entirely of 88 marine and euryhaline species, while the 69 species captured in 2000 (wet period) included 13 freshwater species.
However, the freshwater species in the upper estuary were individuals washed over the weir, rather than part of a functional
faunal gradient. During 1994 faunal composition was related more to site identity than to the position of the site along an
upstream gradient. In contrast, during 2000 there were clear upstream faunal gradients with compositions in upstream sites
heavily influenced by freshwater species, and marine and euryhaline species dominating downstream sites. Patterns of species
dominance also varied between years. In contrast, trophic composition showed consistent shifts in both years, from high proportions
of herbivores, carnivores and benthoplanktivores in May towards high proportions of benthivores in August. Not only do faunal
composition, seasonal faunal change and ecological connectivity seem to be impaired, but ecological processes in the estuary
that rely on seasonal freshwater flows are likely to be unable to operate normally in most years. The extreme seasonality
in Ross River may serve as a model for many of the changes that will be experienced in dry tropics estuaries under global
climate change scenarios of more extreme seasonality. 相似文献