The release of phosphorus from sediment into water in subtropical wetlands: a warming microcosm experiment

Global warming poses a great threat to wetland ecological stability and water quality improvement. In this paper, we sampled six types of wetlands representing different kinds of land utilisation around the TaiHu Lake Basin in southeast China. An outdoor computerized microcosm was set up in May 2008 to simulate climate scenarios of ambient temperature (control) and a warmed ambient temperature (+5 °C) using a novel minute‐scale daily and seasonal temperature manipulation technology. The 18‐month incubation indicated that warming impaired the ecological sink of sediment (fixing P from porewater) while strengthening the role of the ecological source, moreover, the rate of P release from sediment into porewater (19–113% for total phosphorus) was much stronger than from top sediment into overlying water. Warming enhanced the activity of neutral and alkaline phosphatases for P‐deficient wetland sediments and neutral phosphatases for P‐rich sediments, at the 14th month of incubation. A significant increase in total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) occurred under warming in sediments with relatively low levels of PLFAs, but bacterial abundance in the sediment biomass tended to decrease (18%) along with an increase (4·5%) of the fungi‐to‐bacteria ratio. The variations of carbon consumption and availability indicated by measured dissolved organic carbon in sediment may have contributed to P release from sediments to water. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermal activation of current in an inhomogeneous Schottky diode with a Gaussian distribution of barrier height

This paper investigates the thermal activation behaviour of current in an inhomogeneous Schottky diode with a Gaussian distribution of barrier height by numerical simulation. The analytical Gaussian distribution model predicted that the I--V--T curves may intersect with the possibility of the negative thermal activation of current, but may be contradictory to the thermionic emission mechanism in a Schottky diode. It shows that the cause of the unphysical phenomenon is related to the incorrect calculation of current across very low barriers. It proposes that junction voltage V_j, excluding the voltage drop across series resistance from the external bias, is a crucial parameter for correct calculation of the current across very low barriers. For correctly employing the thermionic emission model, V_j needs to be smaller than the barrier height Ф. With proper scheme of series resistance connection where the condition of V_j > Ф is guaranteed, I--V--T curves of an inhomogeneous Schottky diode with a Gaussian distribution of barrier height have been simulated, which demonstrate normal thermal activation. Although the calculated results exclude the intersecting possibility of I--V--T curves with an assumption of temperature-independent series resistance, it shows that the intersecting is possible when the series resistance has a positive temperature coefficient. Finally, the comparison of our numerical and analytical results indicates that the analytical Gaussian distribution model is valid and accurate in analysing I--V--T curves only for small barrier height inhomogeneity.     

Magnetic Stereoscopy of Coronal Loops in NOAA 8891

The Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO) requires powerful tools for the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the solar corona. Here we test such a program with data from SOHO and TRACE. By taking advantage of solar rotation, a newly developed stereoscopy tool for the reconstruction of coronal loops is applied to the solar active region NOAA 8891 observed from 1 March to 2 March 2000. The stereoscopic reconstruction is composed of three steps. First, we identify loop structures in two TRACE images observed from two vantage viewpoints approximately 17 degrees apart, which corresponds to observations made about 30 hours apart. In the second step, we extrapolate the magnetic field in the corona with the linear force-free field model from the photospheric line-of-sight SOHO/MDI data. Finally, combining the extrapolated field lines and one-dimensional loop curves from two different viewpoints, we obtain the 3D loop structures with the magnetic stereoscopy tool. We demonstrate that by including the magnetic modeling this tool is more powerful than pure geometrical stereoscopy, especially in resolving the ambiguities generated by classical stereoscopy. This work will be applied to the STEREO mission in the near future.     

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微型生态系统中鲢、鳙下行影响的实验研究——2.营养物水平

鲢、鳙放养使微型生态系统的水柱氮、磷浓度和磷的分布发生了明显的变化。至实验结束时,各实验组的水柱颗粒磷、总磷和氨氮浓度都比对照组高,而正磷酸盐浓度和沉积物磷的量均低于对照组。这种变化以鳙单养系统为最大,其次是鲢、鳙混养系统,鲢单养系统的变化最小。微型生态系统中正磷酸盐浓度同浮游动、植物密度和初级生产力显著相关,氨氮浓度同所述变量之间的相关关系则多半与正磷酸盐相反。实验观测期间浮游植物密度与总磷浓度之间存在营养级联假说所预见的下行影响,实验结束时二者之间却有上行影响的趋向。根据实验观测结果认为,微型生态系统营养物(尤其是磷)水平的变动,主要是鲢、鳙的摄食改变了系统的群属结构和代谢强度的结果,同时反映了实验鱼对系统中营养物再生的影响。     

Velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in Xingtai earthquake region and its adjacent area

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鄂尔多斯盆地中新元古界拗拉槽特征及勘探潜力

鄂尔多斯盆地深层勘探程度较低,中新元古界是否存在拗拉槽一直存在争议。本文利用近年完成的高密度二维及“两宽一高”三维地震资料进行综合研究,明确了盆地自北向南发育贺兰拗拉槽、定边拗拉槽、晋陕拗拉槽、豫陕拗拉槽,拗拉槽平面呈北东向展布,向西南逐渐加深,最大深度可超过6 000 m;同时明确了中新元古界存在3种类型的油气藏,分别为以长城系暗色泥岩为源岩、砂岩为储层的岩性遮挡油气藏与断块油气藏,和以上古生界煤层为源岩、长城系砂岩为储层的上生下储气藏。三者的勘探有利区带分别为定边至乌审旗地区、黄龙—宜川地区、伊盟隆起与中央古隆起高部位。     

二次多项式逐步回归在油田压裂产能预测中的应用

在油田勘探与开发过程中,为了改造低渗透性油层大幅度增加产油能力,目前广泛采用对油层进行水力压裂措施。所谓水力压裂,就是用高压(200—1400大气压)将一定粘度(1—10000厘泊)的液体从油井的套管或油管中以油层能吸收的速度(1立方米—40立方米/分)压入。这样的压入速度,促使井筒内的压力超过地层的压缩应力和岩石的张力强度而出现破裂,形成一条或者一组裂缝。继续注入压裂液,将迫使裂缝进一步延伸和扩展。