利用经验线方法校准ASTER和ETM+影像——以也门Hajjah东北部为例(英文)

This study is aimed at using the Empirical Line Method (ELM) to eliminate atmospheric effects with respect to visible and near infrared bands of advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) and enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+) data. Two targets (Amran limestone as light target and quartz-biotite-sericite-graphite schists as dark target), which were widely exposed and easy to identify in the imagery were selected. The accuracy of the atmos-pheric correction method was evaluated ...     

Effects of road-deicing salt (NaCl) and saline water on water quality in the Urmia area,northwest of Iran

Increased application of road salt for winter maintenance has resulted in increased concentration of deicer constituents in the environment. The runoffs from the deicing operation have a deteriorating effect on water quality. The existence of salt super saturated Urmia lake and easy access to it, causes Urmia municipality to over use the super saturated water of this lake and salt (NaCl) during winter for snow melting, freezing prevention and traffic load facilitation. The aim of this study was investigation of surface and groundwater contaminations in consequence of salt (NaCl) and saline water usage in Urmia city and its surroundings. Studying the chloride ion concentration as a tracer in runoff result snowmelts during winter shows that its amount is differential with respect to time and place sampling. Results indicate that runoff result of snowmelts effected groundwater, soil and plant growth. The contamination of groundwater in study area by road salt and saline water is a slow process and directly related to the amount of road salt and saline water applied.     

The mineralogy and petrology of the Pahnavar Fe skarn, In the Eastern Azarbaijan, NW Iran

The Pahnavar calcic Fe-bearing skarn zone is located in the Eastern Azarbaijan (NW Iran). This skarn zone occurs along the contact between Upper Cretaceous impure carbonates and an Oligocene granodioritic batholith. The skarnification process can be categorized into two discrete stages: prograde and retrograde. The prograde stage began immediately after the initial emplacement of the granodioritic magma into the enclosing impure carbonate rocks. The effect of heat flow from the batholith caused the enclosing rocks to become isochemically marmorized in the pure limestone layers and bimetasomatized (skarnoids) in the impure clay-rich carbonates. Segregation and evolution of an aqueous phase from the magma that infiltrated to the marbles and skarnoids through fractures and micro-fractures took place during the emplacement of magma. The influx of Fe, Si and Mg from the granodiorite to the skarnoids and marbles led to the crystallization of anhydrous calc-silicates (garnet and pyroxene). The retrograde stage can be divided, in turn, into two distinct sub-stages. During earliest sub-stage, the previously formed skarn assemblages were affected by intense hydro-fracturing; in addition, Cu, Pb, Zn, along with H₂S and CO₂ were added. Consequently, hydrous calc-silicates (epidote and tremolite-actinolite), sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite), oxides (magnetite and hematite) and carbonates (calcite) deposited the anhydrous calc-silicates. The late-retrograde sub-stage was due the incursion of colder oxidizing fluids into the skarn system, causing the alteration of the previously formed calc-silicate assemblages and the development of fine-grained aggregates of chlorite, illite, kaolinite, hematite and calcite. The lack of wollastonite in the mineral assemblage, along with the garnet-clinopyroxene paragenesis, suggests that the prograde stage formed under temperature and fO₂ conditions of 430?C550°C and 10^?26?C10^?23, respectively.     

A hybridized numerical and regression method for estimating the minimum rock pillar width of twin circular tunnels

Twin tunnels can be used for many applications. Interaction between two tunnels is an important problem in tunnel engineering that should be studied specially. Numerical investigations are well adapted to field data and numerical methods can be used in design of rock pillar of twin circular tunnels. So far, no relationship has been provided to estimate the minimum stable rock pillar width. In this paper, the interaction between twin circular tunnels has been studied using 2D finite element analysis. To do this, a great number of twin tunnels were modeled in Phase2 software with different conditions of rock mass (RMR value) and depth of tunnel. Models were analyzed and minimum stable rock pillar width was determined. This process was repeated for three different ratios of K (ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress, 0.5, 1, and 1.5). Finally, according to the linear and nonlinear regression methods, the best merit function was fitted to result of numerical analysis. Then, new approximate formula was proposed to estimate the minimum rock pillar width according to RMR value and depth of twin circular tunnels with different K values. The formulae are very accurate (coefficient of correlation equals to minimum 0.96) that can be used for estimating the minimum rock pillar width of twin circular tunnels.     

Integrated geophysical methods for determining geometry of the Kahrizak Fault,Tehran, Iran

Historical studies and geologic investigations show that the Kahrizak fault located at the southern foot of the central Alborz Mountains poses a high seismic risk for the Tehran region. However, little is known about the geometry and mechanism of movement along this seismogenic fault. This paper uses three different geophysical methods namely, seismic refraction, electrical resistivity and magnetic techniques to investigate geometry and sense of motion across the Kahrizak fault in southern Tehran. Although the geoelectric measurements do not show clear anomaly across the fault deep down into the ground, it reveals an obvious anomaly in shallow depths. However, looking at the seismic refraction and magnetic profiles across the Kahrizak scarp, we identified a high angle fault dipping south. This result in conjunction with the local relief across the fault scarp would suggest that the southern block is downthrown with respect to the northern block across a normal fault. Such knowledge can contribute to better evaluate the seismic hazard potential of one of the main seismogenic faults in the Tehran area.     

Re-appraisal of earthquake catalog in the Pamir―Hindu Kush region,emphasizing the early and modern instrumental earthquake events

Journal of Seismology - The Pamir-Hindu Kush region is seismically the most dynamic and active zone that went through many devastating earthquakes. While much research is ongoing to produce seismic...     

乌鲁木齐市气象塔梯度观测资料质量控制与处理

本文介绍了乌鲁木齐市建成区内5座100 m气象塔地理位置,根据逻辑极值检查、僵值检查、时间一致性检查、空间一致性检查和人工干预检查等组成的一套针对气象塔观测资料的质量控制方法和四点滑动平均插值、要素垂直分布拟合和线性回归方法组成的数据插值方法,对乌鲁木齐市从南至北5座100 m气象塔2012年4月1日至2014年4月30日的资料进行质量控制和数据插值。结果表明:该套方案能很好地找出缺测、错误和可疑的数据,结合人工干预,使得检验结果更为可靠。5座气象塔资料的质量是比较好的,正常数据占总数据的97.17%,其中红光山数据质量最好(正常数据占总数据的99.01%)。非正常数据只是少数情况(占总数据的2.83%),包括缺测和错误数据,其中缺测数据占非正常数据的6.23%(出现在米东和燕南立交),错误数据占非正常数据的93.77%。虚假数据占错误数据的89.99%(大部分为风速、风向),僵值数据占错误数据的5.47%(大部分为气温和湿度).超出逻辑极值数据占错误数据的0.41%(只出现在水塔山气温),不符合一致性数据占错误数据的4.13%(主要为湿度,主要在燕南立交)。利用四点中央插值法、每座气象塔要素垂直分布拟合和不同气象塔之间线性回归方法插值气温和相对湿度的效果较好。     

A GIS-based earthquake damage assessment and settlement methodology

Earthquakes have a greater effect on society than most people think. These effects range from structural damages to economic impacts and fatalities. An earthquake only lasts for a few seconds and the aftershocks may continue for days, but the damage does continue for years. Residential site safety and earthquake damage assessment studies play a crucial role in developing reliable rehabilitation and development programs, improving preparedness and mitigating losses in urbanized areas. The extremely densely populated metropolis of Tehran, which totals of 7,768,561 for 22 districts (according to the 2006 population census), coupled with the fragility of houses and infrastructure, highlight the necessity of a reliable earthquake damage assessment based on essential datasets, such as building resistance attributes, building population, soil structures, streets network and hazardous facilities. This paper presents a GIS-based model for earthquake loss estimation for a district in Tehran, Iran. Damages to buildings were calculated only for the ground shaking effect of one of the region's most active faults, the Mosha Fault in a likely earthquake scenario. Earthquake intensity for each building location was estimated based on attenuation relation and the ratio of damage was obtained from customized fragility curves. Human casualties and street blockages caused by collapsed buildings were taken into account in this study, as well. Finally, accessibility verification found locations without clear passages for temporary settlements by buildings via open streets. The model was validated using the 2003 Bam earthquake damages. The proposed model enables the decision-makers to make more reliable decisions based on various spatial datasets before and after an earthquake occurs. The results of the earthquake application showed total losses as follows: structural damages reaching 64% of the building stock, a death rate of 33% of all the residents, a severe injury rate reaching 27% of the population and street closures upwards of 22% due to building collapse.