红黏土承载比的土团尺寸效应研究

高液限红黏土用于路基填筑时,因其不良的水理特性,需要掺石灰或水泥改良。但红黏土成团现象十分突出,进行灰土拌和时不易达到均匀状态,影响预期改良效果。通过对不同直径的红黏土土团及石灰改良土土团进行承载比试验,结果表明：干密度随着土团直径尺寸的增大呈现先增大后减小的特征,红黏土和石灰土的最大干密度对应的土团直径处在0.2～ 5 mm范围内;而最大承载比CBR值对应的土团直径分别处在5～10 mm和2～5 mm的范围内。石灰土和红黏土的吸水率、膨胀率均随着土团尺寸的增大,呈现先减小后增大的整体变化趋势。在2～10 mm的范围内,两种土的膨胀量最小。石灰改良只对直径小于5 mm的土团的膨胀特性起到明显的抑制作用。可见,现场施工中严格控制土团的大小对保证土体的强度和水稳定性具有十分重要的意义。     

石灰稳定红黏土强度的长期碳化效应

碳化效应是石灰稳定土强度增长机理之一,但长期的碳化作用是否对其强度一直起促进作用？如果没有压实作用,碳化效果到底如何？这些关键问题还没有得到充分的论证。采用灰土拌和后击实养护和养护后再击实的不同制样方法,通过承载比CBR试验,探讨压实作用对碳化效应的影响。制备4种初始含水率的击实试样,开展碳酸溶液和纯水浸泡下的CBR试验,论证长期碳化对石灰稳定土强度的作用效果。结果表明,自然养护90 d后再击实试样的CBR值明显低于击实后养护的试样;初始含水率为34%时前者约为后者的12倍。另外,碳酸溶液浸泡15 d后的试样CBR值均小于纯水浸泡的试样CBR值,但初始含水率越大其影响程度越小,当初始含水率大于34%后两者之间的强度基本没有差别。为进一步佐证长期碳化作用能弱化石灰稳定土的强度,开展不同浸泡时间的无侧限抗压强度试验,发现石灰土的强度呈现先增大后减少的变化趋势,再次证实长期的碳化作用弱化石灰稳定土的强度。最后,利用热重分析法测试经过碳酸溶液浸泡前后的石灰稳定土,发现长期碳化溶解了部分石灰土中的碳酸钙和硅酸盐类胶结物。借助扫描电镜图片和孔隙尺寸分布曲线,从微观角度揭示不同击实和养护方式对石灰稳定土强度的影响机制。     

基于决策树的戈壁信息提取研究

 戈壁是我国西北干旱地区的一种主要地表景观类型。由于戈壁所处地带自然条件恶劣,人烟稀少不便于实地调查研究的开展,所以目前关于戈壁的研究资料非常少。本文以戈壁典型分布区内蒙古自治区额济纳旗为例,以Landsat TM遥感影像以及30 m DEM作为基本数据源,首先借助DEM数据,在GIS中,提取出非戈壁分布区,然后,在分析不同典型地物光谱特征基础上,建立基于知识的决策树信息提取模型,利用该模型实现了侵蚀型戈壁与堆积型戈壁信息的自动提取,戈壁信息提取总体精度达到91.57%,研究为使用遥感影像快速获取戈壁信息提供了技术支持。     

Automated building generalization based on urban morphology and Gestalt theory

Building generalization is a difficult operation due to the complexity of the spatial distribution of buildings and for reasons of spatial recognition. In this study, building generalization is decomposed into two steps, i.e. building grouping and generalization execution. The neighbourhood model in urban morphology provides global constraints for guiding the global partitioning of building sets on the whole map by means of roads and rivers, by which enclaves, blocks, superblocks or neighbourhoods are formed; whereas the local constraints from Gestalt principles provide criteria for the further grouping of enclaves, blocks, superblocks and/or neighbourhoods. In the grouping process, graph theory, Delaunay triangulation and the Voronoi diagram are employed as supporting techniques. After grouping, some useful information, such as the sum of the building's area, the mean separation and the standard deviation of the separation of buildings, is attached to each group. By means of the attached information, an appropriate operation is selected to generalize the corresponding groups. Indeed, the methodology described brings together a number of well-developed theories/techniques, including graph theory, Delaunay triangulation, the Voronoi diagram, urban morphology and Gestalt theory, in such a way that multiscale products can be derived.     

Detection and correction of inconsistencies between river networks and contour data by spatial constraint knowledge

In the representation of topographic data, the distribution of hydrographic networks should be constrained by the contour model’s landform features. During the integration of topographic databases, however, spatial conflicts may destroy these constraints, generating inconsistencies. This study presents a method to detect and correct inconsistencies between river networks and contour data by spatial knowledge. First, structured terrain features are extracted from the contour-based geometric representation and matching relationships between rivers and contours are constructed based on spatial knowledge of the distribution of rivers and talwegs. We then propose a distance metric for measuring differences and identifying inconsistencies between the matched river and contour features. Three correction approaches are provided for different inconsistency situations, including river adjustment referenced to the contour, contour adjustment referenced to the river and adjustment of both river and contour to middle positions. We apply the proposed method to the integration and maintenance of national topographic infrastructure in order to demonstrate its effectiveness.     

The twentieth century contiguous US temperature changes indicated by daily data and higher statistical moments

The daily surface air temperature data are used to assess the climate changes of the contiguous United States during the period of 1901 to 2000. The assessment is made through the first four statistical moments of the daily maximum, minimum, and mean temperature anomalies, the linear trends of the moments, and the changes of the anomalies?? probability density functions. The results on the first moment, i.e., the mean, are compared with the existing ones in terms of intra-annual means and their linear trends. Our first moment results agree with known ones and demonstrate a decrease from the 1930s to the 1960s and an increase from the 1970s to 2000. The temperature fluctuation is the smallest in the 1960s among the decades from 1931 to 2000. The trends of the higher (second-, third- and fourth-order) moments of the mean, maximum, and minimum surface air temperatures are calculated for the periods 1901?C2000, 1910?C1945, 1946?C1975, and 1976?C2000. The results show a decreasing trend of the second- and third-order moments of all the temperatures. The fourth-order moments of the mean and maximum surface air temperatures have increasing trends, but that of the minimum surface air temperature has a decreasing trend. The seasonal histograms of the mean, maximum, and minimum surface air temperatures are calculated for the three periods 1910?C1945, 1946?C1975, and 1976?C2000 for the stations which have the largest trend of maximum daily surface air temperature. An obvious change has been identified in the probability density functions. Among the changes of statistical parameters, the ones for the minimum temperature are larger than those for the maximum and mean temperatures.     

高层隔震结构扭转分析

为研究高层隔震结构在地震作用下的扭转效应,用Etabs软件建立1个高层抗震结构和4个具有不同扭转特性的高层隔震结构的空间模型进行地震响应分析,以验证此原则上部结构质量中心与隔震层刚度中心的重合与否对结构扭转效应的影响程度,而后考察偏心高层隔震结构在偶然偏心地震作用下结构的扭转效应。结果表明:由于地震作用的减小,扭转效应要远小于原抗震结构,且隔震本身对于结构扭转效应的抑制效果要好于上述原则;扭转效应的减震率大于平动效应的减震率。布置在隔震层平面外围的铅芯橡胶隔震支座对隔震层的扭转有一定的控制作用。     

Influence of dietary probiotic Bacillus TC22 and Prebiotic fructooligosaccharide on growth, immune responses and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus infection in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

The effects of probiotic Bacillus TC22 (isolated from intestine of infected sea cucumber) and prebiotic fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth, immunity and disease resistance in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were studied. Six experimental diets were formulated with combinations of three levels of TC22 (0, 107 and 109 CFU g-1 diet) and two levels of FOS (0 and 0.5%) in a 3 × 2 factorial experiment. At the end of the 8-week feeding trial,animals were challenged by injecting Vibrio splendidus. The results revealed that the specific growth rates (SGR) of sea cucumbers were not affected by TC22 and FOS, or the interaction between TC22 and FOS (P > 0.05). However,there were significant interactions between TC22 and FOS for immune response and disease resistance in sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). When sea cucumbers were fed with TC22 at 109 CFU g?1 feed and 0.5% FOS alone or in combination, the phagocytosis, respiratory burst and phenoloxidase activity of sea cucumber coelomocytes were significantly enhanced;the disease resistance against V. splendidus infection was also increased significantly (P < 0.05).However, dietary combination of TC22 at 109 CFU g-1 diet and 0.5% FOS did not yield significantly higher efficiency than either TC22 at 109 CFU g-1 diet or 0.5% FOS used alone (P > 0.05). Therefore, further studies should examine the effects of combinations of other levels of FOS(> 0.5% or < 0.5%) and TC22 on the immunity and disease resistance of sea cucumbers.