The mechanisms of paragenesis and separation of silver, lead and zinc in hydrothermal solutions

On the basis of an experimental study and thermodynamic calculation, the mechanisms of paragenesis and separation of silver, lead and zinc in the hydrothermal system have been studied. At acidic to nearly neutral pH, their chloride complexes are stable, and among them the chloride complexes of zinc are most stable. And the sulfide complexes are the dominant species at nearly neutral to alkaline pH,while the sulfide complexes of silver are most stable. With decreasing temperature, [ Cl^-] ,fO2, and increasing pH, the solubilities of silver, lead and zinc will decrease, leading to their deposition and separation. For sulfide complexes, the concentrations of reduced sulfur and pH are two important factors affecting their stabilities. Complexes of different forms and stabilities respond to the variation of conditions to different extents, which gave rise to the paragenesis and separation of silver, lead and zinc in the whole ore-forming process of dissolution, transport and deposition.     

Vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties during haze and floating dust weather in Shanghai

A comparative study on the vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties during haze and floating dust weather in Shanghai was conducted based on the data obtained from a micro pulse lidar.There was a distinct difference in layer thickness and extinction coefficient under the two types of weather conditions.Aerosols were concentrated below 1 km and the aerosol extinction coefficients ranged from 0.25 to 1.50km^-1 on haze days.In contrast,aerosols with smaller extinction coefficients(0.20 0.35 km^-1) accumulated mainly from the surface to 2 km on floating dust days.The seasonal variations of extinction and aerosol optical depth（AOD） for both haze and floating dust cases were similar greatest in winter,smaller in spring,and smallest in autumn.More than 85%of the aerosols appeared in the atmosphere below 1 km during severe haze and floating dust weather.The diurnal variation of the extinction coefficient of haze exhibited a bimodal shape with two peaks in the morning or at noon,and at nightfall,respectively.The aerosol extinction coefficient gradually increased throughout the day during floating dust weather.Case studies showed that haze aerosols were generated from the surface and then lifted up,but floating dust aerosols were transported vertically from higher altitude to the surface.The AOD during floating dust weather was higher than that during haze.The boundary layer was more stable during haze than during floating dust weather.     

应用系统分析与事故树模型的设备雷电灾害风险评估

分析目前国内雷电灾害风险评估发展现状,针对精细化雷击风险评估需求,以某大桥塔体电梯雷电灾害风险评估为例,在对雷击损坏途径进行系统分析的基础上,引入事故树(FTA)分析方法对电梯雷击损坏事件的致因关系进行了建模、分析与评价,得出电梯雷击损坏事件发生的年预计概率、导致雷击电梯损坏事件发生的关键以及最佳控制雷击电梯损坏事件发生的最有效因素。     

重力场对飞行器制导的影响及海洋重力测线布设

重点围绕远程飞行器飞行轨道控制保障需求,开展了空中扰动引力计算和地面重力异常测量精度指标及海洋重力测量测线布设方案的分析与论证。首先通过解析和简化飞行器导航误差解表达式,定量估计了地球重力场对远程飞行器飞行轨迹的影响,并以一定量值的落点偏差为限定指标,研究论证了空中扰动引力的计算精度要求。在此基础上,通过对地面重力异常截断误差及数据传播误差的估计和分析,研究确定了地面/海面网格平均重力异常的观测分辨率和计算精度指标。以此为依据,提出了相对应的海洋重力测量测线布设方案,并通过数值计算验证了所提方案的合理性和有效性。     

无人机在强震区地质灾害精细调查中的应用研究

为对强震区地质灾害进行精细调查,基于无人机低空摄影测量系统能够获取高精度、高分辨率和高时效的遥感影像且具有灵活性强和不受复杂地形影响等特点。本文将无人机低空摄影测量系统应用到强震区地质灾害精细调查,探讨了强震区地质灾害无人机遥感精细调查流程及成果应用。以老虎嘴滑坡所在区域的应用为例,阐述了无人机遥感像片的获取和DEM、DOM及三维真实空间场景的制作方法,重点介绍了利用三维真实场景对地质灾害进行定性及定量分析及精确描述。实践结果表明:（1）同常规的遥感调查方法相比,该方法不仅能够获取更高分辨率和更高精度的地质灾害精细调查基础数据,而且还提高了其时效性及可靠性;（2）构建的地质灾害体三维真实空间场景突破了传统的二维地质灾害解译技术,提高了地质灾害解译的精度及准确度。本文较完整地阐述了无人机低空摄影测量系统在强震区地质灾害精细调查的流程及方法,可以较好地应用于强震区地质灾害精细调查。     

利用两种指纹因子判别小流域泥沙来源

为精确识别黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型小流域泥沙来源,分析了流域内“源-汇”地区土壤的理化性质及生物标志物（正构烷烃）作为潜在指纹识别因子,并建立了复合指纹模型。结果显示:单独的土壤理化指纹及正构烷烃均不能有效识别泥沙来源;土壤理化指纹和正构烷烃分别在林地、农地及沟道的辨别上显示出其局限性。多元化的复合指纹（碳优势指数CPI、Ca、TP、C₂₀、C₂₉、Fe）则能辨别90.5%的泥沙来源。模型结果显示沟道是该流域泥沙的主要来源,占60.8%,其次为农地占20.7%,林地占11.3%,草地占7.2%。研究表明,结合生物标志物的复合指纹法能更精确地反映泥沙来源,适用于各泥沙源头的地质条件差异较小的流域,对黄土高原小流域水土流失治理具有指导意义。     

库车坳陷新生代构造应力场恢复

库车坳陷的构造变形及演化与南天山造山带的发育密切相关。库车坳陷新近纪以来的喜马拉雅晚期构造运动最为强烈,形成了天山山前大型冲断带,并造就了现今的构造格局。通过对库车坳陷北部构造样式的识别及各种应力场指示标志的测量、统计和构造解析,对野外获得的应力场指示标志划分了期次,认为喜马拉雅晚期应力场标志为近南北向挤压。结合库车坳陷区域构造要素,如地质体几何形态、边界条件、岩石力学参数等,运用弹性力学有限元数值模拟的方法获得了喜马拉雅晚期库车坳陷的区域应力场。模拟结果表明,库车坳陷喜马拉雅晚期最大主压应力方向为近南北向,与古应力场标志拟合较高,可以为库车坳陷裂缝预测和评价提供依据,对勘探开发有应用价值。     

基于模糊决策理论的重力辅助导航区域选择方法

针对传统重力辅助导航区域选择方法仅利用单一评价指标所导致的评价结果不全面这一缺陷,提出一种基于模糊决策的多指标综合选取方法。首先,应用该方法计算目标区域重力异常的标准差、粗糙度、相关系数、重力信息熵和重力坡度等表征重力特征的统计参量;然后,利用模糊决策理论方法求解出指标的隶属度矩阵和权阵,得到区域总的评价指数;最后,依据总评价指数进行匹配区选择。仿真结果表明,本方法具有较好的可靠性,评价指数高的区域,其匹配效果更好。     

黔西南地区大厂锑矿流体包裹体和同位素地球化学研究

选取黔西南大厂锑矿萤石为对象,开展流体包裹体和同位素地球化学研究。包裹体相态观察及显微测温结果显示,萤石的流体包裹体主要为气液两相包裹体和纯液相包裹体,包裹体测温结果显示成矿流体具有中-低温低盐度超高压的特点,表明成矿流体可能主要来源于深部。通过对大厂地区构造蚀变体同位素地球化学及产于黔西南构造蚀变体中典型金矿床同位素地球化学对比研究表明,成矿物质可能主要来源于深部,热液在上涌过程中混入地壳物质成矿。     

矿产地质专题调查试点总体构想

矿产地质专题调查是服务于找矿勘查的基础性、公益性地质调查工作,是以问题和需求为导向的矿产地质填图,是矿产地质综合填图的升级版,是当前形势下,地质调查工作方式转变的新探索,不仅对实现地调科研一体化具有重要意义,而且对于地质工作,特别是填图工作可持续发展具有重大战略意义。如何开展专题填图,目前没有现成的指南或技术规范,因此需要试点、探索和创新,总结经验,开展示范,最终提出专题矿调工作细则。从分析目前综合性矿产地质工作存在的不足入手,对矿产地质专题调查的定位、目标、总体思路、技术路线等提出了初步思考。