青藏高原地面加热场强度变化及其与太阳活动的关系

利用1958—2006年日喀则和玉树观测的历年各月平均地面(0 cm)温度和气温(百叶箱)资料,采用新量纲重新计算并续补了48年的青藏高原地面加热场强度距平指数。结果表明,青藏高原地面加热场强度存在后延1~2个月的显著相关,干季具有较好的持续性。除存在明显的年际和年代际变化特征外,总体表现出春、夏季由弱变强,秋、冬季由强变弱,且具有稳定而显著的准11年和17年周期。持续的太阳黑子数偏少对青藏高原地面加热场强度的增强具有明显的指示性;太阳黑子周期长度(SCL)变长(太阳活动减弱)时,青藏高原地面加热场强度减弱。通过初步分析认为,太阳活动是引起青藏高原地面加热场强度变化的重要原因之一。     

VARIABILITY IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SEA TEMPERATURE VARIATION CONSIDERING THE BACKGROUND OF CLIMATE WARMING OVER THE PAST 60 YEARS

By adopting characteristic index data for the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) from the National Climate Center of China, U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sea surface temperature (SST) data, we studied the WPSH variability considering the background of climate warming by using a Gaussian filter, moving averages, correlation analysis, and synthetic analysis. Our results show that with climate warming over the past 60 years, significant changes in the WPSH include its enlarged area, strengthened intensity, westward extended ridge point and southward expanded southern boundary, as well as enhanced interannual fluctuations in all these indices. The western ridge point of the WPSH consistently varies with temperature changes in the Northern Hemisphere, but the location of the ridgeline varies independently. The intensity and area of the WPSH were both significantly increased in the late 1980s. Specifically, the western ridge point started to significantly extend westward in the early 1990s, and the associated interannual variability had a significant increase in the late 1990s; in addition, the ridgeline was swaying along the north-south-north direction, and the corresponding variability was also greatly enhanced in the late 1990s. With climate warming, the SST increase becomes more weakly correlated with the WPSH intensity enhancement but more strongly correlated with the westward extension of the ridge point in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific Ocean in winter, corresponding to an expanding WPSH in space. In the northern Pacific in winter, the SST decrease has a weaker correlation with the southerly location of the ridgeline but also a stronger correlation with the westward extension of the ridge point. In the tropical western Pacific in winter, the correlations of the SST decrease with the WPSH intensity enhancement, and the westward extension of the ridge point is strengthened. These observations can be explained by strengthened Hadley circulations, the dominant effects of the southward shift, and additional effects of the weakened ascending branch of the Walker circulation during warm climatological periods, which consequently lead to strengthened intensities, increased areas, and southward expansions of the WPSH in summer.     

青海湖区降水序列及其变化的特征研究

利用青海湖区1958-2005年8个降水观测点月资料, 整理出5条(A～E)年、季降水序列, 应用气候诊断方法分析了降水的年代际变化及其突变特征. 结果表明: 5条序列年、季降水量的年际变化趋势大多数年代比较一致, 并且E序列代表青海湖区降水量比较可靠. 多数序列表现出20世纪60年代春季多雨, 70年代秋季多雨, 80年代春夏秋季多雨, 90年代冬春夏季多雨的季节变化特征以及60-70年代少雨、 80年代多雨和90年代少雨的年代际变化特征比较明显, 多数序列年度和冬、夏季降水量增多的趋势与新疆、河西中西部、柴达木盆地相同. 春季降水量在80年代初发生了一次气候突变, 年度和其它季节没有发生突变.     

西伯利亚高压强度与北大西洋海温异常的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA海温等资料,采用EOF、相关分析等方法,研究了西伯利亚高压(Siberian High,SH)强度和北大西洋海表温度(SST)的变化特征,揭示了二者的联系及其时空变化。结果表明:1)冬季SH在1960s中后期开始偏弱,2003年后略增强。2)各季北大西洋SST指数(全区平均SST的标准化距平)均在1960s中期后偏低,1990s末后偏高。北大西洋海温三极子位相由正转负的时间在春冬季(1970s初)晚于夏秋季(1960s初),而后均在1990s中期后进入正位相。3)各季偏高(低)的北大西洋SST指数和海温三极子正(负)位相均有利于冬季SH偏强(弱),但前者与SH的关系更显著,且冬季最强。北大西洋北部和西南部是影响SH强度的关键区,但SH对北部SST异常的响应范围在冬季最大,而对西南部的响应范围在夏季最大。4)当冬季大西洋SST指数异常偏高时,下游激发出的罗斯贝波列使乌拉尔山高压脊加强,使SH上空负相对涡度平流增大,高层辐合和低层辐散增强,整个对流层下沉气流深厚,促使SH增强,反之亦然。     

1845—1988年期间厄尔尼诺事件与我国西北旱涝

本文应用1958—1988年陕、甘、宁、青四省(区)3—9月的降水量资料,分析了厄尔尼诺事件当年与次年西北降水量的差异性,结果表明在厄尔尼诺事件当年,青海省东部、甘肃有中东部、宁夏全区和陕北降水量明显偏少,而在厄尔尼诺事件次年明显偏多,上述地方降水量差异是显著的.根据Quinn等人划分的历史厄尔尼诺事件资料及西北各省近500年气候历史资料,我们分析了1845—1957年厄尔尼诺事件与西北旱涝的关系,从这些定性或半定量的资料分析中可以看出,上述结论在历史上也是成立的.特别是西北历史上的几个大旱年,基本上出现在连续发生厄尔尼诺事件的年份中.     

1470—1979年中国旱涝与厄尔尼诺事件

进入20世纪80年代,连续两次跨年度的强厄尔尼诺事件的爆发,造成世界范围天气气候的特别异常现象,引起了国内外对厄尔尼诺事件的研究热潮。人们利用各种手段建立一套厄尔尼诺的长序列资料,用以更好地研究厄尔尼诺事件所引起的气候异常现象。王绍武在原100多年厄尔尼诺事件研究的基础上,最近又利用6种指标划分了近五百年的厄尔尼诺事件。厄尔尼诺     

厄尔尼诺事件与中国降水及历史旱涝

本文利用中国大陆178个测站1951—1989年的月总降水量，分析厄尔尼诺事件发生当年和次年中国降水的特点及其差异。在厄尔尼诺当年，我国北方除春季降水偏多外，其余各季以少为主；南方夏季偏少，其余以多为主。与厄尔尼诺当年相比，次年多数地区降水具有相反变化趋势。这种差异在西北东部河套地区、四川盆地及青藏高原较为显著。另外，近500年来，中国历史旱涝分布与厄尔尼诺事件关系较为密切。     

ONSET AND RETREAT DATES OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE MONSOON INTENSITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE WARMING

Global gridded daily mean data from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis(1948-2012) are used to obtain the onset date,retreat date and duration time series of the South China Sea summer monsoon(SCSSM) for the past 65 years.The summer monsoon onset(retreat) date is defined as the time when the mean zonal wind at 850 hPa shifts steadily from easterly(westerly) to westerly(easterly) and the pseudo-equivalent potential temperature at the same level remains steady at greater than 335 K(less than 335 K) in the South China Sea area[110-120°E(10-20°N)].The clockwise vortex of the equatorial Indian Ocean region,together with the cross-equatorial flow and the subtropical high,plays a decisive role in the burst of the SCSSM.The onset date of the SCSSM is closely related to its intensity.With late(early) onset of the summer monsoon,its intensity is relatively strong(weak),and the zonal wind undergoes an early(late) abrupt change in the upper troposphere.Climate warming significantly affects the onset and retreat dates of the SCSSM and its intensity.With climate warming,the number of early-onset(-retreat) years of the SCSSM is clearly greater(less),and the SCSSM is clearly weakened.     

新标准下江淮梅雨特征的分析

根据中国气象局2014年印发的《梅雨监测业务规定》中的入、出梅标准,以及江淮地区72个气象站1960—2012年近53 a逐日气象资料,采用经验正交分解(EOF)方法和相似方法分析了江淮梅雨降水的时空变化,并以温度、湿度和雨日频率作为判据,将梅雨划分为典型和非典型两类,对其变化特征进行了讨论。结果表明:江淮梅雨期内,雨日比例减少,阴天比例增加,且发生在白天的降水比例上升;此外,中雨的贡献率显著减小,大暴雨的贡献率显著增加。相同年代际内,全区一致枯型梅雨与南枯北丰型梅雨出现概率相当,全区一致丰型梅雨则与南丰北枯型和南北丰中部枯型梅雨发生概率相近。江淮梅雨的典型程度(高湿高温多雨)在时间尺度上呈减弱趋势,非典型程度整体呈增加趋势,其中以所占比例最大的低湿高温少雨型的增长最为明显,且这种变化趋势在整个江淮地区表现一致。空间尺度上,典型梅雨发生的范围存在缩小趋势,非典型梅雨发生的范围则有扩大趋势。即近53 a来,江淮梅雨在时空尺度上均发生了由典型向非典型的转移,且2000s以来这种转变尤其显著。