西藏尕尔穷铜金矿多光谱遥感地质特征与外围找矿预测

尕尔穷铜金矿的发现是近年来在西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带西段取得的重要找矿突破之一,目前已发现的矿体类型主要有接触交代矽卡岩型和构造破碎带型2种。前人在该区的研究已经注意到矽卡岩与花岗斑岩的成生联系,斑岩型矿产的成矿潜力较大。该文利用多光谱遥感图像,以寻找区内斑岩型矿床为目标,开展了线性构造、环形构造、铁帽类色要素和围岩分带的遥感解译,基于主成分分析法提取了遥感羟基异常和铁染异常。研究结果表明:区内主要发育NW-NNW向、NE-NNE向和近SN向3组线性构造;环形构造按组合样式可划分为5个环形构造系;铁帽类色要素与遥感异常较吻合;区内围岩分带较复杂,但多属斑岩铜矿成矿的有利围岩。综合分析认为,5个环形构造系为进一步找矿的重点区域。     

化探在西藏雄村矿区Ⅱ、Ⅲ号矿体发现中的作用

雄村矿区是西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带内已查明资源(储量)及规模达大型的铜金矿区,最早发现Ⅰ号Cu-Au矿体,其后发现了Ⅱ、Ⅲ号Cu-Au矿体。化探异常在Ⅱ、Ⅲ号矿体的发现和初期勘查中起到了至关重要的作用,尤其是在发现和圈定Cu-Au矿找矿靶区中提供了重要线索。通过分析Ⅱ、Ⅲ号矿体勘查工作中的化探异常特点及作用,旨在为应用化探异常指导找矿工作提供参考作用,同时,对于冈底斯斑岩铜矿带其他地段寻找该类型矿床,具有十分重要的意义。     

北极夏季海冰单轴抗压强度研究

The results on the uniaxial compressive strength of Arctic summer sea ice are presented based on the samples collected during the fifth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in 2012(CHINARE-2012). Experimental studies were carried out at different testing temperatures(-3,-6 and-9°C), and vertical samples were loaded at stress rates ranging from 0.001 to 1 MPa/s. The temperature, density, and salinity of the ice were measured to calculate the total porosity of the ice. In order to study the effects of the total porosity and the density on the uniaxial compressive strength, the measured strengths for a narrow range of stress rates from 0.01 to 0.03 MPa/s were analyzed. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength decreases linearly with increasing total porosity, and when the density was lower than 0.86 g/cm3, the uniaxial compressive strength increases in a power-law manner with density. The uniaxial compressive behavior of the Arctic summer sea ice is sensitive to the loading rate, and the peak uniaxial compressive strength is reached in the brittle-ductile transition range. The dependence of the strength on the temperature shows that the calculated average strength in the brittle-ductile transition range, which was considered as the peak uniaxial compressive strength, increases steadily in the temperature range from-3 to-9°C.     

西藏雄村斑岩铜金矿床Ⅱ号矿体元素地球化学特征及其指示意义

雄村铜金矿是冈底斯成矿带上新发现的岛弧型斑岩铜金矿床,矿床由3个矿体组成,Ⅱ号矿体位于Ⅰ号矿体北西侧3 km处。Ⅱ号矿体中铜、金、银矿化主要分布在早期钾-硅酸盐化带以及绢云母-白云母-石英-硫化物带中,早期钾-硅酸盐化的典型矿物组合为黑云母+磁铁矿±钾长石+黄铜矿+黄铁矿,热液磁铁矿含量较高。元素空间分布特征以及相关性分析表明,Cu和Au、Ag呈显著正相关,黄铜矿是Au和Ag的主要载体,分布在矿体中心。Cu与K、Rb呈正相关,而与Na呈负相关的特点表明矿化与钾质交代关系密切,晚期矿化以分布在外围的细脉状、脉状方铅矿和闪锌矿化为主。由矿体中心向外,与矿化有关的16种元素构成Cu、Au、Ag、K、Rb、Ba-Mo-Co、Ni-Pb、Zn、Mn、Ag、Sb-Na元素分带,元素带状分布特征与蚀变矿化分带吻合。分布在外围的Na同时受钾质交代过程中Na元素向外迁移作用以及早期深部高温环境下的钠质-钙质蚀变共同控制。元素空间分带特征与蚀变与矿化分带机理类似,受热液流体演化、运移、温压条件和原岩组分等综合因素控制,分带特征对今后的找矿与勘探工作具有一定的指示意义。     

西藏谢通门县雄村铜金矿主要地质体的40Ar/39Ar年龄及地质意义

雄村铜金矿Ⅱ号矿体在2007-2008年取得了重大的找矿突破,详细的地质编录成果表明,矿体同样受含眼球状石英斑晶的角闪石英闪长玢岩和角闪石英闪长玢岩控制.含眼球状石英斑晶的角闪石英闪长玢岩和角闪石英闪长玢岩的锆石U-Pb年龄已经确定(164～177 Ma),因此,雄村铜金矿不同地质体的云母类、长石类矿物Ar-Ar同位素年龄的测定显得尤为关键.文章通过对穿切I号矿体的黑云母花岗闪长岩、云煌岩脉的黑云母Ar-Ar同位素测年,结合其他研究者的成果,得到一组十分重要的年龄数据.穿插矿体的黑云母花岗闪长岩中的黑云母(样号6187-335)坪年龄(46.96±0.42)Ma,穿插矿体的无矿化的云煌岩(5053-324.4)(Cu含量0.0551%,Au含量0.034 g/t,Ag0.6 g/t)中的黑云母给出了一个较好的似坪年龄,加权平均年龄为(49.59±0.58)Ma.结合其他研究者测定的中侏罗世侵位的角闪石英闪长玢岩(不含矿)[锆石U-Pb年龄为(177.1±2.0)Ma]中黑云母的At-At同位素年龄为(48.57±0.31)Ma;含矿凝灰岩围岩[锆石U-Pb年龄为(176±5)Ma,MS3VD=0.63}的蚀变绢云母Ar-Ar年龄为(47.07±0.30)Ma;似伟晶岩中长石的At-At年龄为(47.62±0.7)Ma,认为不同形成时代、不同产出空间、不同矿化程度的地质体的云母类、长石类矿物的Ar-Ar同位素年龄的一致性,反映了后期岩浆热事件对中侏罗世早期形成的地质体和矿体的黑云母氩同位素体系产生了较强的扰动或置换.谢通门大岩基黑云母花岗闪长岩的侵位致使各地质体发生显著的退变质,形成典型的角岩化带,这种退变质的时限在46-48 Ma之间的始新世lutetian期,进而认为各地质体中云母类矿物的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar同位素年龄不能作为成矿年龄.     

西藏嘎拉勒铜金矿床的成岩成矿时代与岩石成因:锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素组成及辉钼矿Re-Os定年

西藏嘎拉勒铜金矿床作为构造背景反演指示针的成岩成矿年代学研究较为匮乏,使得该成矿带区域背景-构造-岩浆-成矿活动系列研究步履维艰,利用LA-ICP-MS(laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry)锆石U-Pb测年、辉钼矿Re-Os定年及Lu-Hf同位素技术,首次全面厘定了区内侵入岩侵位时序、探讨了岩石成因并确定了成矿时代.结果表明,成矿前闪长岩成岩年龄为155.8±2.3 Ma,侵位于晚侏罗世初期,ε_Hf(t)值分布于-14.68~-8.34,平均值-11.74,是班公湖-怒江特提斯洋南向俯冲的产物;花岗闪长岩为矿区成矿母岩,其成岩年龄为88±1 Ma(MSWD=0.56,n=21),ε_Hf(t)值分布于5.84~9.20,平均值7.72,成矿后花岗斑岩成岩年龄为84.67±0.80 Ma(MSWD=1.9,n=18),ε_Hf(t)值分布于6.32~9.78,平均值8.40,二者均为晚白垩世侵位,为拉萨地体与羌塘地体汇聚的产物;矿区辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为88.55±0.60 Ma(MSWD=0.60,n=8),与成矿母岩(花岗闪长岩)成岩年龄一致.研究表明,在班公湖-怒江特提斯洋南向俯冲至碰撞过程中在矿区内均有相应的岩浆活动响应,嘎拉勒铜金矿床则为典型的碰撞期成矿作用的产物.      

西藏嘎拉勒铜金矿床成矿物质来源探讨——来自硫、铅、碳和氢氧同位素地球化学特征的证据

西藏嘎拉勒铜金矿床位于班公湖—怒江成矿带西段,是近年来发现的一个大型镁质矽卡岩型铜金矿床。本文在野外地质调查的基础上,通过S-Pb-C-H-O同位素分析,对嘎拉勒铜金矿床的物质来源进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)矽卡岩型矿石中黄铜矿的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值在硫同位素直方图上呈塔式分布,变化范围为–4.4‰~6‰,有少许样品值变化范围较大,表明嘎拉勒矿床硫同位素主要以幔源硫为主,有少量壳源的混染;(2)~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb变化范围为38.427‰~39.008‰,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb变化范围为15.588‰~15.701‰,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb变化范围为18.330‰~18.871‰,显示矿区铅同位素来源以造山带铅为主,少量上地壳铅相结合的特征;嘎拉勒矿床形成于碰撞的造山带环境;(3)含辉钼矿石英脉中δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)值范围为12.2‰~12.8‰,平均值12.5‰,δD_(V-SMOW)范围为–103.3‰~–95.3‰,平均值为–99.3‰,δ~(18)O_(V-PDB)值范围为–18.1‰~–17.6‰,平均值为–17.85‰,显示受到大气降水加入明显;(4)矽卡岩中方解石C-O同位素测试结果δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)为–2‰,δ~(18)O_(V-PDB)为–15.1‰,δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)为15.4‰,显示嘎拉勒铜金矿床碳酸盐为海相碳酸盐并经历了溶解作用。综合表明,嘎拉勒铜金矿床是由幔源成矿流体作用形成的,成矿过程中有大气降水的加入,成矿流体与碳酸盐岩发生接触交代作用形成矽卡岩型铜金矿床。     

基于中国北极考察布放浮标观测和数值模拟的海冰和积雪厚度变化分析

Sea ice and the snow pack on top of it were investigated using Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition(CHINARE) buoy data.Two polar hydrometeorological drifters,known as Zeno? ice stations,were deployed during CHINARE 2003.A new type of high-resolution Snow and Ice Mass Balance Arrays,known as SIMBA buoys,were deployed during CHINARE 2014.Data from those buoys were applied to investigate the thickness of sea ice and snow in the CHINARE domain.A simple approach was applied to estimate the average snow thickness on the basis of Zeno~ temperature data.Snow and ice thicknesses were also derived from vertical temperature profile data based on the SIMBA buoys.A one-dimensional snow and ice thermodynamic model(HIGHTSI) was applied to calculate the snow and ice thickness along the buoy drift trajectories.The model forcing was based on forecasts and analyses of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF).The Zeno~ buoys drifted in a confined area during 2003–2004.The snow thickness modelled applying HIGHTSI was consistent with results based on Zeno~ buoy data.The SIMBA buoys drifted from 81.1°N,157.4°W to 73.5°N,134.9°W in 15 months during2014–2015.The total ice thickness increased from an initial August 2014 value of 1.97 m to a maximum value of2.45 m before the onset of snow melt in May 2015;the last observation was approximately 1 m in late November2015.The ice thickness based on HIGHTSI agreed with SIMBA measurements,in particular when the seasonal variation of oceanic heat flux was taken into account,but the modelled snow thickness differed from the observed one.Sea ice thickness derived from SIMBA data was reasonably good in cold conditions,but challenges remain in both snow and ice thickness in summer.     

地热资源可持续开发策略与保护

深州地热田是华北地区水质较好、水温较高的地热田之一.为了实现地热资源可持续开发利用,分析了构造断裂和热储层渗透性能对地热水水位下降的影响,采用干扰井水位消减法对合理井距进行了研究,得出了允许开采量、允许布井数及合理井距等地热资源可持续开发利用参数.