国内外城市开发区转型升级研究进展与展望

从各国城市发展历程可看出,开发区是城市发展的重要增长极,也是实现对外改革开放的窗口。与开发区的实际发展相对应,国内外学者们对开发区的研究也呈现出多元化倾向,特别是近十年来,围绕开发区转型升级做了较为丰富的研究,论题主要集中在以下六个方面:开发区转型升级战略;开发区转型升级评价;开发区转型升级的影响因素;开发区转型升级模式;开发区与城市空间组织关系和开发区功能转型。综合上述研究成果发现,开发区相关研究成果逐渐丰富而且呈现出高质量化,但就学科发展而言在转型升级模式、转型升级路径、转型升级潜力等方面尚需进一步的拓展和完善。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF MIDDLE EAST JET STREAM DURING SEASONAL TRANSITION AND ITS RELATION WITH INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON ONSET?

By using the NCEP/NCAR pentad reanalysis data from 1968 to 2009, the variation characteristics of Middle East jet stream(MEJS) and its thermal mechanism during seasonal transition are studied. Results show that the intensity and south-north location of MEJS center exhibit obvious seasonal variation characteristics. When MEJS is strong, it is at 27.5°N from the 67 th pentad to the 24 th pentad the following year; when MEJS is weak, it is at 45°N from the 38 th pentad to the 44 th pentad. The first Empirical Orthogonal Function(EOF) mode of 200-hPa zonal wind field shows that MEJS is mainly over Egypt and Saudi Arabia in winter and over the eastern Black Sea and the eastern Aral Sea in summer. MEJS intensity markedly weakens in summer in comparison with that in winter. The 26th-31 st pentad is the spring-summer transition of MEJS, and the 54th-61 st pentad the autumn-winter transition. During the two seasonal transitions, the temporal variations of the 500-200 hPa south-north temperature difference(SNTD) well match with 200-hPa zonal wind velocity, indicating that the former leads to the latter following the principle of thermal wind. A case analysis shows that there is a close relation between the onset date of Indian summer monsoon and the transition date of MEJS seasonal transition. When the outbreak date of Indian summer monsoon is earlier than normal, MEJS moves northward earlier because the larger SNTD between 500-200 hPa moves northward earlier, with the westerly jet in the lower troposphere over 40°-90°E appearing earlier than normal, and vice versa.     

中东急流的季节变化特征及其与热力影响的关系

采用多年平均的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了中东急流强度和位置的季节变化特征及其与南北温差的关系。结果表明：1）中东地区上空西风带的强度和位置的垂直结构均具有明显的季节变化特征,冬、春季西风中心强度较大,夏、秋季西风中心强度较小;600hPa以上,冬、春季西风中心位置偏南,夏、秋季西风中心位置偏北。各季节的所有高度上,200hPa的西风中心风速最大。2）中东急流的强度和位置具有明显的季节变化特征。冬半年（11月—次年4月）中东急流较强,南北位置基本维持在27.5°N附近;夏半年（5—10月）中东急流较弱,5月后急流中心位置偏北,6—9月位于40°N附近,10月南撤至32.5°N。3）中东急流的强度和南北位置变化与500～200hPa整层平均的南北温差的对应关系很好,根据热成风原理,认为南北温差的季节性变化对中东急流的强度和南北位置变化具有重要影响。     

POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SOUTH CHINA SEA SSTA, SOIL MOISTURE ANOMALIES IN SOUTHWEST CHINA AND SUMMER PRECIPITATION IN EASTERN CHINA

By using 1958-2001 NOAA extended reconstructed sea surface temperature(SST) data, ERA40 reanalysis soil moisture data and precipitation data of 444 stations in China(east of 100°E), the possible relationships among South China Sea(SCS) SST anomaly(SSTA), soil moisture anomalies(SMA) and summer precipitation in eastern China as well as their possible physical processes are investigated. Results show that the SSTA of SCS bears an evidently negative correlation with spring soil moisture in the east part of Southwest China. More(less) precipitation happens in the Yangtze River basin and less(more) in the Southeast China in summer when the SSTA of SCS is higher(lower) than normal and the soil in the east part of Southwest China is dry(wet) in spring. Further analysis shows that when the SSTA of SCS is high(low), the southwesterly wind at low level is weak(strong), decreasing(increasing) the water vapor transport in South China, resulting in reduced(increased) spring precipitation in the east part of Southwest China and more(less) soil moisture in spring. Through the evaporation feedback mechanism, the dry(wet) soil makes the surface temperature higher(lower) in summer, causing the westward extension(eastward retreat) of the West Pacific Subtropical High, eventually leading to the summer precipitation anomalies.     

阵风效应对冬季北太平洋涛动年际变化模拟效果的影响

利用观测海温驱动NCAR CAM5模式进行了两组数值试验,对比分析了在CAM5模式海气湍流热通量参数化方案中引入阵风效应前后,模式对冬季NPO(North Pacific Oscillation,北太平洋涛动)年际变化模拟效果的差异。结果表明,考虑了阵风效应后,CAM5模式能较好地模拟冬季NPO的年际变化特征,模拟的1979—1999年冬季NPO指数序列与观测结果的相关系数由0.09提高到0.57;热带东太平洋海表温度异常通过影响海表湍流热通量异常,对冬季NPO年际变化产生影响;引入阵风效应后,模式对热带东太平洋海表湍流热通量异常的模拟结果更趋合理,从而使得模式可以较好地模拟出冬季NPO的年际变化。     

长三角区域科技创新效率的空间分异及影响因素研究

科技创新效率空间分异与影响因素是经济地理学者研究的重要领域,而关于科技创新效率的评价指标尚未形成共识。本文基于投入-产出视角,构建了科技创新效率投入-产出评价指标体系,并综合采用超效率SBM模型结合Malmquist指数、变异系数和空间基尼系数、莫兰指数、固定效应面板模型等分析方法,深入探讨了2007—2017年长三角区域科技创新效率的空间分异及影响因素。结果表明：(1)长三角和三省一市的创新效率总体均呈现增长的趋势,技术进步对于城市创新效率的提升具有很大的促进作用;(2)长三角区域科技创新效率空间分异程度有所减弱,不同城市之间的空间差异逐渐减小,科技创新活动趋于均衡。但是空间自相关性不稳定,存在部分地区的跃迁和正向或者负向的空间溢出效应;(3)每百万高等学校在校学生数、互联网使用率、客运总量等因素均对科技创新效率产生显著的正向影响,而第二产业产值占GDP比重对长三角科技创新效率产生显著的负向影响。通过本文研究,探明了长三角区域科技创新效率的空间分布特征及影响因素,为长三角区域科技创新共同体的建设提供了科学依据。     

区域创新集群发展的关键要素及作用机制研究——以日本创新集群为例

在分析创新集群的构成与创新机制的基础上,从外部环境、构成主体等4个方面讨论了创新集群与产业集群的区别。以日本创新集群发展为例,分析创新集群的关键创新要素及作用机制,研究发现:在知识经济和经济区域化发展背景下,区域创新集群已成为促进区域产业升级与提升竞争力的核心力量;在创新集群发展中,领先企业的创新主导与示范作用突出,但又通过技术权力以技术锁定、标准控制等各种不同方式实施技术控制,影响中小型企业及其他研发机构发挥创新作用;在技术传播中,技术扩散、技术转移、技术溢出同时存在,在不同主体、不同阶段、不同空间尺度之间的途径与作用效果不同,畅通的技术通道保证了创新的共创共享;社会网络以社会文化、制度基础保障了各成员主体间经济学意义上最经济的创新合作与交流;创新平台构建了多要素、多功能、多层次的创新系统,体现了创新集群的整体创新优势。此外,行业协会也是创新集群形成与发展的重要基础。     

长三角装备制造业产学研创新网络体系的演化分析

利用国家重点产业专利信息服务平台,对长三角装备制造业联合申请发明专利数据进行检索,绘制了长三角地区企业、厂、公司与高校、科研机构之间的产学研创新网络,从节点、部类、城市、区域等4个层面,采用中心度、网络密度等网络结构指标,对1985~2010年长三角装备制造业产学研创新网络的结构及空间特征进行分析。研究发现,长三角装备制造业产学研创新网络的演化具有明显的阶段性特征,中心度较高的成员多为高校,区域内各城市的产学研空间分异特征明显,地理邻近、行政邻近及知识规模邻近是影响行为主体建立创新合作联系重要的因素,网络建构处于初级阶段。     

各非地转Q矢量之间的定量比较

结合"海棠"台风在2005年7月19日08:00~20日08:00再次登陆福建省24 h期间所造成的降水过程,在WRF模式成功地模拟了此次降水过程的基础上,利用模式模拟输出结果,通过计算900~600 hPaQ矢量散度的气柱平均值、Q矢量散度强迫产生的降水场,定量比较分析了非地转干Q矢量、非地转湿Q矢量及改进的湿Q矢量的诊断能力差异,结果表明:(1)非地转干Q矢量、非地转湿Q矢量及改进的湿Q矢量散度辐合场,对同期模拟雨区都具有一定指示作用,同时,非地转湿Q矢量和改进的湿Q矢量的散度辐合强度都较非地转干Q矢量散度辐合强度强,且改进的湿Q矢量散度辐合强度强于非地转湿Q矢量散度辐合强度,尤其是在主雨区表现的更为明显。相对来讲,改进的湿Q矢量散度辐合场对雨区的反映能力最强。(2)非地转湿Q矢量散度与改进的湿Q矢量散度强迫产生的降水范围几乎相同,且明显较非地转干Q矢量散度强迫产生的雨区范围大,相对来讲,与同期模拟降水场的雨区更接近。改进的湿Q矢量散度强迫产生的降水强度最强,非地转湿Q矢量散度强迫次之,非地转干Q矢量散度强迫产生的降水强度最弱。三种Q矢量散度强迫产生的降水强度都明显弱于同期模式模拟的降水强度,相对来讲,改进的湿Q矢量散度强迫产生的降水强度更接近于模拟的降水强度。(3)三种Q矢量散度场以及强迫产生的降水场之间的差异,充分表明此次台风降水过程中伴有大量的大尺度稳定水汽凝结潜热和对流水汽凝结潜热释放,考虑了水汽凝结潜热加热作用的非地转湿Q矢量与改进的湿Q矢量,对降水反映能力均较非地转干Q矢量有所改进,尤其是后者。     

Relationship between Arctic sea ice thickness distribution and climate of China

Based on the simulated ice thickness data from 1949 to 1999,monthly mean temperature data from 160 stations,and monthly mean 1 × 1 precipitation data reconstructed from 749 stations in China from 1951 to 2000,the relationship between the Arctic sea ice thickness distribution and the climate of China is analyzed by using the singular value decomposition method.Climate patterns of temperature and precipitation are obtained through the rotated empirical orthogonal function analysis.The results are as follows.(1) Sea ice in Arctic Ocean has a decreasing trend as a whole,and varies with two major periods of 12-14 and 16-20 yr,respectively.(2) When sea ice is thicker in central Arctic Ocean and Beaufort-Chukchi Seas,thinner in Barents-Kara Seas and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea,precipitation is less in southern China,Tibetan Plateau,and the north part of northeastern China than normal,and vice versa.(3) When sea ice is thinner in the whole Arctic seas,precipitation is less over the middle and lower reaches of Yellow River and north part of northeastern China,more in Tibetan Plateau and south part of northeastern China than normal,and the reverse is also true.(4) When sea ice is thinner in central Arctic Ocean,East Siberian Sea,Beaufort-Chukchi Seas,and Greenland Sea;and thicker in Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea,air temperature is higher in northeastern China,southern Tibetan Plateau,and Hainan Island than normal.(5) When sea ice is thicker in East Siberian Sea 5 months earlier,thinner in Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea 7-15 months earlier,air temperature is lower over the north of Tibetan Plateau and higher in the north part of northwestern China than normal,and a reverse correlation also exists.