【“漫话土地”之四十一】千山万水品地名

<正>人有人名,物有物名,地有地名。对于一方土地来说,地名不仅是人类赋予大自然的标记,更是铭刻历史的活化石,积淀着悠悠岁月的年轮,见证着文明进步的轨迹。神州大地物华天宝、人杰地灵,壮丽的河山、富饶的平原、悠久的历史、灿烂的文化、众多的民族……蕴藏在浩如烟海的地名之中,成为承载华夏文明的宝贵财富。     

【“漫话土地”之三十七】 解纷止争息田讼

<正>"人生不可无田,有则仕宦出处自如,可以行志;不仕则仰事俯育,不致丧失气节。"在中国人的心目中,土地早已超越生产生活的物质层面,而上升为立身处世的精神依托。正是缘于土地之重要,因占有土地所引发的纠纷、诉讼乃至争斗,从古至今,从未歇止。"所争之田不满一亩,互争之讼不止数年",不仅困扰当事各方,也带来巨大的经济与社会成本。     

【“漫话土地”之二十九】 天灾地变济苍生

正正如儿女不能选择生己养己的父母,人们同样不能选择繁衍生息的土地。大地就像一位喜怒无常的神祇,带给我们的不仅有风调雨顺的璀璨文明,也有山崩地裂的灾难记忆。从上古传说中的旷世洪水,到世纪之初的汶川地震,天灾地灾从未断绝,考验着人类历史的韧性。而对灾害的预防、治理和赈济,也成为历代治乱兴衰的焦点和治国理政的关键。     

西-亚北极锋季节及年际特征分析

基于1982-2016年的OISST资料分析了西-亚北极锋(The Western Subarctic front,WSAF;37°N-45°N,146°E-152°E)强度与位置的季节及年际变化特征,结果表明:冬季WSAF强度最大,平均位置最靠南;夏季WSAF强度最小,平均位置最靠北;春秋两季WSAF强度、平均位置相当,位于冬夏之间;1982-2016年,WSAF强度逐渐增强,分布位置逐渐缓慢南移;各季节WSAF强度最大值稳定位于149°E附近,WSAF平均位置自西向东不断北移。在此基础上,分析了不同季节WSAF强度与黑潮-亲潮交汇区(The Kuroshio-Oyashio Confluence Region,KOCR)内水体性质的关系:KOCR内黑潮水特征显著时WSAF强度小,黑潮水特征不显著时WSAF强度大;利用EOF分析探寻了WSAF强度年际变化与KOCR内海温的关系:不同季节内WSAF年际变化与KOCR内海温相关性不显著,春、夏、秋季,随着KOCR内海温升高,WSAF强度减弱,而冬季WSAF强度随KOCR内海温升高而增强。     

【“漫话土地”之二十五】 随山浚川治水土

正九曲黄河,源远流长;万里长江,奔腾不息,润泽着富饶的神州大地,孕育出璀璨的华夏文明,哺养了亿万的中华儿女,更负载着悠久的历史文化,寄托着民族的未来与希望。水是生命之源,也是文明之源。水与土地,共同塑造了人类繁衍生息的环境。从古至今,识水、治水、引水、给水、节水、用水、护水……贯穿于历史文化发展和土地开发利用的始终。一方水土生万物"水者,地之血气,如筋脉之通流者也。"如果把土地比作承载万物的肌体,那么水便是贯通生命的血脉。正是缘于     

规天矩地置城乡

正自华夏先民在东方大陆点燃文明的火种,这片古老的黄土地便成为中华儿女生息、繁衍和成长的舞台。每一处都市、城镇、村落、农田、道路和沟渠,都记载着民族的印迹和历史的进程。"画疆兴庶务,地矩囿天规。"如何科学规划、保护与合理开发利用土地,历来是王朝统治者和先贤们思考的重大问题,并由此探索出一条具有东方文化特色的治国之路。     

北极王湾表层沉积物中的粘土矿物及其对物源与古环境变化的指示意义

Kongsfjorden is a typical fjord on the edge of the ice cap of the Arctic Svalbard-Barents Sea. Its inner bay is connected with a modern glacier front along the direction of the fjord axis with a significant gradient change in the parameters of hydrology, sedimentation, and biology. In summer, ice and snow melt-water and floating ice collapse continuously and thus transport the weathering products on the surrounding land into the sea. Thus Kongsfjorden is regards as a natural laboratory for the study of unique sedimentation in polar fjords under modern glacial-sea water conditions. In this study, fifty-two surface sediments were collected in Kongsfjorden for clay mineral analysis to study the sediment source and sediment-transport process. Our results indicate that clay minerals in the surface sediments from Kongsfjorden are mainly composed of illite, chlorite, and kaolinite, and no smectite is found. Rocks from different periods exposed extensively in the surrounding areas of Kongsfjorden provide an important material basis for clay minerals in the Kongsfjorden. Kaolinite may be mainly derived from the fluvial deposits, weathered from reddish sandstones and conglomerates during the Carboniferous Period.Illite is mainly derived from Proterozoic low-grade and medium-grade metamorphic phyllite, mica schist, and gneiss. While chlorite is mainly from Proterozoic low-grade metamorphic phyllite and mica schist. In the direction from the fluvio-glacial estuary to the sea of the glacier front of Kongsfjorden, illite increase gradually,and the content of kaolinite declines gradually. However, the change pattern of chlorite is insignificant, which may be related to the provenance. Kongsfjorden detritus is mainly transported by the fluvio-glacial streams and icebergs into the sea and deposited in the inner bay. Coarse sediments are rapidly deposited in the glacier front,estuary, and near-shore areas. Clay fraction begins to deposit significantly by 200–400 m after flowing into the sea,which due to the crystal behavior of clay minerals, hydrodynamic condition and flocculation. Kaolinite and chlorite on the south of the bay near the Blomstrandhalv?ya Island is mainly affected by ice-rafted detritus and thus can reveal the trajectory of transportation by the floating ice while entering the sea.     

冲绳海槽中部伊平屋脊火山岩地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成：对岩石成因和地幔源区的指示

As an active back-arc basin, the Okinawa Trough is located in the southeastern region of the East China Sea shelf and is strongly influenced by the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate. Major element, trace element and Sr-NdPb isotopic composition data are presented for volcanic rocks from the Iheya Ridge(IR), the middle Okinawa Trough. The IR rocks record large variations in major elements and range from basalts to rhyolites. Similar trace element distribution characteristics together with small variations in ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(0.703 862–0.704 884), ~(144)Nd/~(143)Nd(0.512 763–0.512 880) and Pb isotopic ratios, demonstrate that the IR rocks are derived from a similar magma source. The fractional crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and amphibole, as well as accessory minerals, can reasonably explain the compositional variations of these IR rocks. The simulations suggest that approximately 60% and 75% fractionation of an evolved basaltic magma can produce trace element compositions similar to those of the intermediate rocks and acid rocks, respectively. The analysis of their Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic content ratios suggest that the source of the rocks from the IR is close to the depleted mantle(DM) but extends to the enriched mantle(EMII), indicating that the mantle source of these rocks is a mixture between the DM and EMII end members. The simulations show that the source of the IR volcanic rocks can be best interpreted as the result of the mixing of approximately 0.8%–2.0% subduction sediment components and 98.0%–99.2% mantlederived melts.     

特厚表土层钢板混凝土复合井壁竖向承载力试验研究

通过模型试验和理论分析,对特厚表土层双层钢板高强混凝土复合井壁的竖向受力特性进行了研究。首先,根据相似理论,进行了双层钢板高强混凝土复合井壁结构的模型设计和试件加工;然后,通过加载试验,得到了井壁结构在竖向荷载和侧压共同作用下的竖向应力、变形和强度特性。结果表明：由于内、外钢板筒的约束作用,井壁结构中的混凝土完全处于三向受压应力状态下,其抗压强度提高了1.73～1.92倍,且井壁破坏时混凝土的竖向极限压应变达到-3.9×10-3,表现出较好的延性特性。通过钢板与混凝土的相互约束,改善了各自的力学特性,使井壁竖向承载力显著提高,远比钢板筒和中间混凝土层的竖向极限承载力之和大,并根据理论分析和试验结果推导出了井壁竖向承载力的计算公式,对理论研究和工程应用具有一定的参考价值。