海绵城市建设下的生态效应分析——以常德市穿紫河流域为例

海绵城市建设被认为是解决城市内涝、水污染和水资源短缺、热岛效应等问题的有效途径之一。中国自2015年起共确立30个海绵城市建设试点城区,为今后海绵城市建设在全国范围的推广提供示范。基于实地调研、查阅资料并对比分析穿紫河流域海绵城市建设前后的水文、植被和气候等自然要素变化。结果表明：常德市城市内涝有效缓解,但在暴雨发生时局部仍出现积水和内涝现象;穿紫河水质总体上由劣Ⅴ类转变为Ⅲ类,但在冬季周期性恶化及污染物富集;穿紫河流域生物多样性显著增加,同时也表现出植物种类单一、具有环境净化功能的植物种类较少、生态系统不完整和管理不善等问题;常德市夏季的热岛效应有一定程度缓解。常德市2004-2019年的海绵城市建设显著提升了穿紫河流域的生态效应,为该地区的社会经济发展和人居环境改善提供了重要的生态基础,也为合理评价其他试点城区海绵城市建设效果提供借鉴。     

Predicting the entire soil-water characteristic curve using measurements within low suction range

The soil-water characteristic curve(SWCC) is widely used in the design and evaluation in the practice of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering such as the slope stability under the influence of environmental factors. The SWCC has distinct features in the capillary and adsorption zones due to different physical mechanisms. Measurements of the SWCC are typically limited within the capillary zone(i.e., low suction range). It is cumbersome and time-consuming to measure the SWCC in the adsorption zone(i.e., high suction range). This study presents a simple method to predict the entire SWCC within both the capillary and adsorption zones, using measured data only from low suction range(e.g., from 0 to 500 kPa). Experimental studies were performed on a completely weathered granite residual soil to determine its entire SWCC from saturated to dry conditions. The resultant SWCC, along with the SWCC measurements of 14 soils reported in the literature, were used to validate the proposed method. The results indicate that the proposed method has good consistency with a wide array of measured data used in this study. The proposed method is easy to use as it only requires a simple parameter calibration for a commonly used SWCC model. It can be used to improve the reliability in the prediction of the SWCC over the entire suction range when measurements are limited within the low suction range.     

Evaluation of the integrated multi-satellite retrievals for global precipitation measurement over the Tibetan Plateau

The availability of high-resolution satellite precipitation measurement products provides an opportunity to monitor precipitation over large and complex terrain and thus accurately evaluate the climatic, hydrological and ecological conditions in those regions. The Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM) mission is an important new program designed for global satellite precipitation estimation, but little information has been reported on the applicability of the GPM’s products for the Tibetan Plateau(TP). The object of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of the Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM(IMERG) Final Run product under different terrain and climate conditions over the TP by using 78 ground gauges from April 2014 to December 2017. The results showed the following:(1) the 3-year average daily precipitation estimation in the IMERG agrees well with the rain gauge observations(R~2=0.58, P0.01), and IMERG also has a considerable ability to detect precipitation, as indicated by a high probability of detection(78%-98%) and critical success index(65%-85%);(2) IMERG performed better at altitudes from 3000 m to 4000 m with a small relative bias(RB) of 6.4%. Precipitation change was not significantly affected by local relief;(3) the climate system of the TP was divided into four climate groups with a total of 12 climate types based on the K?ppen climate classification system, and IMERG performed well in all climate types with the exception of the arid-desert-cold climate(Bwk) type. Furthermore, although IMERG showed the potential to detect snowfall, it still exhibits deficiencies in identifying light and moderate snow. These results indicate that IMERG could provide more accurate precipitation data if its retrieval algorithm was improved for complex terrain and arid regions.     

Comparison of the effects of unidirectional and sign‐alternating temperature gradients on the sintering of ice spheres

To simplify the complex snow structures that occur in nature, polycrystalline ice spheres were produced and arranged vertically to model the sintering process. By controlling the temperatures on both the top and bottom of the ice sphere array, the effect of upward and downward vapor transfers was examined. The evolution of the neck areas between ice spheres was observed using X‐ray computed microtomography. As frequently observed under the basal part of a snow layer and previous experiments of snow temperature gradient metamorphism, depth hoar structures were formed along neck areas and their formation was found to be directly related to the vapor transfer direction. To model the temperature gradient inversion that can be induced in nature by daily cycles of radiative heating and cooling, we also performed sign‐alternating temperature gradient experiments on the ice sphere arrays. The morphological evolution of the neck and the associated vapor transfer were examined through image analysis and 2D modeling. The final microstructures of the neck area turned out to be a symmetrical distribution of ice protrusions bridging neighboring ice spheres.     

绝对重力仪的自由落体凸轮驱动器设计与仿真

提出一种适合绝对重力仪的凸轮驱动器设计方法，研究了具体运动过程，基于自由落体运动得到凸轮驱动器的运动曲线，并采用SolidWorks进行仿真验证。结果表明，该设计方法可以解决绝对重力仪的自由落体凸轮驱动器设计实现问题。     

闽三角海域赤潮发生的时空特征

赤潮是海洋生态系统异常的重要指标。本文收集1986～2017年闽三角海域的赤潮事件,基于GIS技术分析赤潮的时空分布特征。结果表明:32年来,闽三角海域赤潮发生98次,赤潮高发区在厦门西海域、同安湾和泉州湄洲湾海域;闽三角海域赤潮年际发生次数呈波动变化,一年中赤潮高发期集中在5～8月;中肋骨条藻、角毛藻及旋链角毛藻是闽三角海域的赤潮优势种,具有一定的区域分布特征;有毒赤潮事件发生频率有增加趋势。本文系统性地总结了闽三角海域赤潮时空特征,为该区域的赤潮风险分析和预防提供依据。     

基于TCP-InSAR的采动区铁路动态沉降监测与时序分析

为高效获取采动区长时间序列形变，监控煤炭开采对矿区铁路的影响，研究一种基于TCP-InSAR(temporarily coherent point interferometric synthetic aperture radar)的采动区铁路形变监测方法。该方法根据时间序列SAR影像间的相干性，选取临时相干点构建Delaunay三角网，并通过离群值探测去除具有相位模糊度的TCP间的弧段，最后采用最小二乘解算得到区域地表变形。实验使用2016-10~2017-04时间段内的15景Sentinel-1A数据，利用TCP-InSAR技术获得某矿区的铁路形变。结果表明，受采动影响，该时间段内铁路最大下沉值为95 mm，最大倾斜坡度为0.37‰。利用TCP-InSAR技术可实现采动区内铁路长时间的动态形变监测。     

EMD-Wavelet-ICA耦合模型及其在GPS坐标序列降噪中的应用

在分析比较经验模态分解(EMD)、小波变换(Wavelet)和独立分量分析(ICA)优缺点的基础上,提出一种新的EMD-Wavelet-ICA耦合模型。该模型充分利用了EMD的自适应性,对原始信号进行分解获得不同频率的模态函数(IMF),采用标准化模量的累计均值对IMF进行尺度划分;进而分别采用Wavelet和ICA对高频和低频IMF进行降噪,将降噪后的IMF进行多尺度重构,获得降噪后的信号;采用信噪比、标准差、偏差和相关系数等指标对降噪效果进行评价。仿真数据和GPS坐标序列的处理结果表明:与EMD模型和EMD-ICA模型相比,新模型的标准差、偏差均有不同程度的减小;信噪比和相关系数有一定程度的增大,可以获得更好的降噪效果。     

卫星臭氧资料的发展与应用

随着卫星探测技术的进步、天气学和气候学理论的不断完善,以及高性能计算机广泛应用,卫星臭氧资料的种类得到极大丰富并被应用到多个研究领域中,取得了一系列重要成果。文中介绍了主要星载臭氧探测仪的发展概况,回顾了卫星臭氧资料在气象领域的应用研究成果,主要包括卫星臭氧资料在气旋或低压过程中、全球或区域臭氧的气候分布及变化特征、高原臭氧分布及变化特点、数值应用等方面的应用研究,并展望了卫星臭氧资料研究的未来发展趋势。      

一种新的温度传感器湿度补偿方法

针对温度传感器测量中易受湿度影响的问题,通过对思维进化算法（Mind Evolutionary Algorithm,MEA）中的趋同操作、异化操作及收敛条件进行研究改进,对趋同操作中的散布权值进行自适应调整,在异化操作中引入差分进化算法的变异操作,并考虑收敛条件中搜索平面平缓的情况,提出了基于改进思维进化算法的BP神经网络湿度补偿方法.由湿度影响检定实验得到的样本数据,利用此补偿方法建立湿度补偿模型,将补偿结果与未经优化的BP神经网络模型的结果进行比较研究.结果表明,基于改进思维进化算法的BP神经网络模型补偿精度较高,收敛速度快,计算量小,可有效提高温度传感器的测量精度和可靠性,便于实际应用.