野外科学观测研究台站（网络）和科学数据中心建设发展

中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所成立80年来,十分重视野外台站（网络）和科学数据中心的建设,取得了辉煌成就。研究所建立了4个野外观测研究网络,引领了中国生态系统研究网络的建设与发展;成立了2个国家级科学数据中心,1个中国科学院数据中心,1个数据出版系统并于2016年加入了世界数据系统;拥有2个国家级野外观测研究站,1个中国科学院野外研究站,形成了独具特色的野外观测研究平台和数据共享服务平台。本文回顾了中国生态系统研究网络、国家生态系统观测研究网络、中国通量观测研究网络、中国物候观测网和禹城站、拉萨站、千烟洲站以及地球系统科学数据中心、生态科学数据中心、资源环境科学数据中心和全球变化科学研究数据出版系统的发展历程。地理资源所台站（网络）从无到有,不断发展壮大,引领了中国野外观测研究事业的发展,支撑了地理学、生态学等重要科学成果产出,科技支撑能力和示范能力大幅提升,有力支撑了华北平原、青藏高原以及南方山地丘陵区的生态文明建设;成为中国地球系统科学、野外台站、资源环境等学科和领域最大的科学数据汇聚中心,数据共享服务成效显著,在国内外具有广泛影响力。在未来发展中,地理资源所将充分发挥野外台站（网络）综合中心作用,强化生态系统、碳水通量、物候等观测研究网络的能力建设,稳步提升野外观测研究站条件保障能力和科学数据中心的数据汇聚能力、分析挖掘能力以及共享服务能力,持续推动和引领中国科学数据的共享,在科学研究和支撑国家需求等方面做出更大贡献。     

裸体方格星虫和可口革囊星虫精子超微结构的比较分析

用透射电子显微镜,观察了裸体方格星虫和可口革囊星虫精子的超微结构.这2种星虫成熟精子均由头部、中部和尾部组成,但其精子头部的超微结构不尽相同:裸体方格星虫精子的头部与可口革囊星虫精子的头部相比较小,由棒状"八"字形顶体与哑铃形细胞核及顶体下腔构成,而顶体下腔内没有明显的顶体棒结构.可口革囊格星虫精子的头部虽也由顶体、顶体下腔和核组成,其顶体呈圆弧形,精核为鸭梨形,核物质电子密度高,核内含空泡,顶体下腔中似有一顶体棒结构.这2种星虫精子的中部和尾部基本类似,仅中部的线粒体数目不同,裸体方格星虫精子的线粒体略少,有4～5个,而可口革囊星虫精子有5～7个.精子的尾部由远端中心粒延伸而出,均为细长鞭状,由轴丝及包绕轴丝的质膜组成,轴丝为典型的"9+2"结构.研究结果表明,精子的超微结构可以作为鉴别这2种星虫的依据.     

不同水温、pH条件下一氧化氮对中肋骨条藻生长的影响

选用厦门海域中常见的赤潮藻中肋骨条藻，进行不同水温、pH条件下一氧化氮（NO）对该藻生长影响的实验，初步研究了水温、pH和一氧化氮含量与中肋骨条藻生长之间的关系．结果表明：水温为25～30℃和pH为8．20～8．30时，一氧化氮对中肋骨条藻生长的促进作用最为明显．因此，一氧化氮的这种促进作用将可能增加赤潮发生的机率，增加对该因子的监测将可能提高对赤潮预警预测的准确性．     

Long term evolution of distant retrograde orbits in the Earth-Moon system

This work studies the evolution of several Distant Retrograde Orbits (DROs) of varying size in the Earth-Moon system over durations up to tens of millennia. This analysis is relevant for missions requiring a completely hands off, long duration quarantine orbit, such as a Mars Sample Return mission or the Asteroid Redirect Mission. Four DROs are selected from four stable size regions and are propagated for up to 30,000 years with an integrator that uses extended precision arithmetic techniques and a high fidelity dynamical model. The evolution of the orbit’s size, shape, orientation, period, out-of-plane amplitude, and Jacobi constant are tracked. It has been found that small DROs, with minor axis amplitudes of approximately 45,000 km or less decay in size and period largely due to the Moon’s solid tides. Larger DROs (62,000 km and up) are more influenced by the gravity of bodies external to the Earth-Moon system, and remain bound to the Moon for significantly less time.     

Impact of sea spray on upper ocean temperature during typhoon passage: simulation with a 1-D turbulent model

At the interface between the lower atmosphere and sea surface, sea spray might significantly influence air-sea heat fluxes and subsequently, modulate upper ocean temperature during a typhoon passage. The effects of sea spray were introduced into the parameterization of sea surface roughness in a 1-D turbulent model, to investigate the effects of sea spray on upper ocean temperature in the Kuroshio Extension area, for the cases of two real typhoons from 2006, Yagi and Soulik. Model output was compared with data from the Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO), and Reynolds and AMSRE satellite remote sensing sea surface temperatures. The results indicate drag coefficients that include the spray effect are closer to observations than those without, and that sea spray can enhance the heat fluxes (especially latent heat flux) considerably during a typhoon passage. Consequently, the model results with heat fluxes enhanced by sea spray simulate better the cooling process of the SST and upper-layer temperature profiles. Additionally, results from the simulation of the passage of typhoon Soulik (that passed KEO quickly), which included the sea spray effect, were better than for the simulated passage of typhoon Yagi (that crossed KEO slowly). These promising 1-D results could provide insight into the application of sea spray in general circulation models for typhoon studies.     

Urban Metabolism Based on Emergy and Slack Based Model: A Case Study of Beijing,China

The key to studying urban sustainable development depends on quantifying stores, efficiencies of urban metabolisms and capturing urban metabolisms′ mechanisms. This paper builds up the metabolic emergy account and quantifies some important concepts of emergy stores. Emphasis is placed on the urban metabolic model based on the slack based model(SBM) method to measure urban metabolic efficiencies. Urban metabolic mechanisms are discussed by using the regression method. By integrating these models, this paper analyzes the urban metabolic development in Beijing from 2001 to 2010. We conclude that the metabolic emergy stores of Beijing increased significantly from 2001 to 2010, with the emergy imported accounting for most of the increase. The metabolic efficiencies in Beijing have improved since the 2008 Olympic Games. The population, economic growth, industrial structures, and environmental governance positively affect the overall urban metabolism, while the land expansion, urbanization and environmentally technical levels hinder the improving of urban metabolic efficiencies. The SBM metabolic method and the regression model based on the emergy analysis provide insights into the urban metabolic efficiencies and the mechanism. They can promote to integrate such concepts into their sustainability analyses and policy decisions.     

Evaluation of body weight of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus by computer vision

Apostichopus japonicus(Holothuroidea,Echinodermata) is an ecological and economic species in East Asia.Conventional biometric monitoring method includes diving for samples and weighing above water,with highly variable in weight measurement due to variation in the quantity of water in the respiratory tree and intestinal content of this species.Recently,video survey method has been applied widely in biometric detection on underwater benthos.However,because of the high flexibility of A.japonicus body,video survey method of monitoring is less used in sea cucumber.In this study,we designed a model to evaluate the wet weight of A.japonicus,using machine vision technology combined with a support vector machine(SVM) that can be used infield surveys on the A.japonicus population.Continuous dorsal images of free-moving A.japonicus individuals in seawater were captured,which also allows for the development of images of the core body edge as well as thorn segmentation.Parameters that include body length,body breadth,perimeter and area,were extracted from the core body edge images and used in SVM regression,to predict the weight of A.japonicus and for comparison with a power model.Results indicate that the use of SVM for predicting the weight of 33 A.japonicus individuals is accurate(R~2=0.99) and compatible with the power model(R~2=0.96).The image-based analysis and size-weight regression models in this study may be useful in body weight evaluation of A.japonicus in lab and field study.     

盐度胁迫下中肋骨条藻和东海原甲藻的生长及内源多胺含量的变化

在实验室内不同盐度梯度下培养常见的两种赤潮藻——中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum s.l.)和东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense),根据logistic生长模型获得了终止生物量Bf和最大生长速率μmax,并测定了藻体中过氧化物酶(POD)、二胺氧化酶(DAO)、多胺氧化酶(PAO)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)、腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)的含量。结果表明,高、低盐度胁迫下,两种藻均会积累MDA,活性氧自由基的伤害增强,藻的生长受到了抑制。同时,两种藻都会提升多胺含量,通过多胺的调节作用来缓解胁迫的伤害,促进生长,但是在提升的多胺种类和形态上,两种藻存在着差异。高盐胁迫下,中肋骨条藻会提升多胺尤其是游离态多胺的含量来缓解伤害,东海原甲藻则依靠结合态的亚精胺和游离态的精胺的调节作用。低盐胁迫下,中肋骨条藻会提升游离态腐胺的含量,而东海原甲藻体内各形态的多胺都会上升。     

最近50年来莱州湾东部典型砂岸潮上带土地利用变化研究

以不同时期测量和成像的地形图和高分辨率遥感影像为数据源,综合使用野外调查、遥感(RS)、全球定位系统(GPS)和地理信息系统(GIS)等方法,对最近50多年来莱州湾东部砂岸典型岸段(界河口—刁龙嘴)的土地利用变化进行研究。结果表明,最近50多年来,莱州湾东部海岸土地利用/土地覆被变化显著,土地利用类型转化的总趋势是风沙地、林地、耕地向养殖池及居民地转化。从20世纪90年代初以来,该岸段潮上带风沙地大部分已为养殖池(塘、大棚)等所覆盖,在沿海防护林和海域之间新出现了一条平行于岸线、基本连续展布的水产养殖设施带,其外侧建有高出当地最高潮位的防浪堤。潮上带土地覆被的如此深刻变化,必然深刻地改变风暴潮作用时的水动力边界条件,导致风暴潮作用过程中沿水下岸坡—海滩—潮上带方向的能量分布发生调整,进一步会对海岸地貌及冲淤发生的范围、强度、性质和形式等带来变化。因此,大面积的潮上带土地利用可能是莱州湾东部砂岸,最近30年来海岸地貌冲淤演变的重要影响因素之一,这为今后深入研究并预测该段海岸地貌冲淤变化提供了新的视角。     

海洋初始状态对预报2002/03年中太平洋型厄尔尼诺事件的作用

2002/03年厄尔尼诺事件,是暖海温中心出现在赤道中太平洋区域的一种新型厄尔尼诺,即中太平洋型厄尔尼诺。本文基于一个厄尔尼诺预测系统,利用三组回报试验来详细区分海洋表层和次表层初始状态对预报2002/03年中太平洋型厄尔尼诺事件的作用,并由此来探寻对预报厄尔尼诺演变过程最有利的初始条件。回报试验分为三组:(1)仅同化海表温度观测(sea surface temperature;简称SST)来优化海洋表层初始状态(Assim_SST);(2)仅同化海表高度观测(sea level;简称SL)来更新海洋次表层初始状态(Assim_SL);(3)同时同化SST和SL观测来一起更新海洋表层和次表层初始状态(Assim_SST+SL)。回报试验结果表明,三种不同的初始条件都可以使模式提前一年成功地预报2002/03年厄尔尼诺事件,并且"Assim_SST+SL"回报试验的效果最好。三组回报试验结果间的对比表明:海洋表层和次表层初始状态均对成功地预报该事件有重要作用,但其作用分别集中在事件发展的不同阶段。精确的海洋表层初始状态更容易激发模式预报出一次厄尔尼诺事件,而更合理的海洋次表层初始状态则能有效地提高厄尔尼诺事件预报的强度。