Growth performance of larval and juvenile manila clam (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ruditapes philippinarum</Emphasis>) from divergently selected individuals of a full-sib family

In this study, the method of divergent selection was employed to test the larval and juvenile growth performance within a full-sib family of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. The 10% largest and 10% smallest clam individuals (on the basis of shell length) of a full-sib family were selected as parents for the fast and slow growing lines, respectively. The difference in shell length was significant among the three lines (fast, control, and slow) tested. The sequence of shell length were fast line > control line > slow line. The responses to selection, realized heritability, and genetic gain were 0.06%–0.81%, 0.04%–0.47% and 0.58%–18.89% in the fast direction, respectively; and were 0.14%–1.27%, 0.08%–0.73%, and 0.31%–49.03% in the slow direction, respectively. The results suggested that there was a large portion of additive genetic variance affecting the growth in the full-sib family. Selection in the fast direction within the full-sib family would greatly improve the growth of R. philippinarum.     

Dynamical evolution properties of debris flows controlled by different mesh-sized flexible net barriers

Because the flexible net barrier is a gradually developed open-type debris-flow counter-measure, there are still uncertainties in its design criterion. By using several small-scale experimental flume model tests, the dynamical evolution properties of debris flows controlled by large and small mesh-sized (equal to D₉₀ and D₅₀, respectively) flexible net barriers are studied, including the debris flow behaviors, segregation, and permeability of sediments, as well as the energy absorption rates and potential overtopping occurring when debris flows impact the small mesh-sized one. Experimental results reveal that (a) two sediment deposition patterns are observed depending on variations in debris flow textures and mesh sizes; (b) the aggregation against flexible net barriers is dominated by flow dynamics; (c) the segregation and permeable functions of the barrier are determined by the mesh size, concentration, and flow dynamics; and (d) the smaller mesh-sized flexible net barrier tends to be more efficient in restraining more turbulent debris flows and can absorb greater rate of kinematic energy, and finally, the great kinematic energy dissipation that occurs when secondary debris flows interact with the post-deposits in front of the small mesh-sized flexible net barrier is believed to cause the failure of overtopping phenomenon. The mesh size is concluded to be the decisive parameter that should be associated with debris flow textures to design the control functions of flexible net barriers.     

Indicator-based spatiotemporal characteristics of apple drought in North China

Natural Hazards - Frequent occurrences of drought stress caused by dry weather create severe destroy in apple yield and quality in North China. Although appropriate drought stress is beneficial to...     

南秦岭东部新元古代埃达克质岩的发现及其地质意义

秦岭造山带是一条复合型大陆碰撞造山带,存在若干新元古代构造岩浆事件的遗迹,它们对深化认识南北秦岭汇聚-碰撞过程和Rodinia超大陆聚合具有重要意义。本文对南秦岭东部豆腐尖岩体英云闪长岩开展LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学和全岩主微量元素地球化学研究。代表性样品的²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U加权平均年龄为860.7±6.0Ma,表明其形成时代为新元古代。岩石地球化学特征表现为高SiO₂(62.41%-68.89%)、高Al₂O₃(15.33%-17.33%),富Na₂O(4.23%-5.80%)和高Na₂O/K₂O比值(1.11-2.41),富Sr(>400×10^-6),低MgO(0.55%-2.08%),低Y(7.40×10^-6-18.20×10^-6)、Yb(0.63×10^-6-1.62×10^-6),高Sr/Y比值(31.49-78.22),轻稀土元素显著富集[(La/Yb)_N>20],弱Eu正异常,具埃达克质岩特征。较高的K₂O含量(2.00%-4.31%)和低MgO以及显著的高La/Yb比值等特征指示,其具有典型高钾钙碱性埃达克质岩特征,很可能源于加厚下地壳的部分熔融,推测该岩体形成时南秦岭地壳厚度可能达到65 km。结合区域地质资料,认为豆腐尖岩体形成于陆-陆碰撞环境,是新元古代松树沟洋盆闭合后北秦岭和南秦岭碰撞造山的产物,是Rodinia超大陆聚合事件在该地区的岩浆响应。新元古代早期商南豆腐尖高钾钙碱性埃达克质岩的首次识别为限定南-北秦岭碰撞事件提供了有力约束。     

北京市土壤地质环境监测工作的实践与思考

开展北京市土壤地质环境的长期监测,对于政府管理部门及时掌握土壤环境质量状况,制定相应的防治措施具有重要的意义.北京市土壤地质环境监测网建成后,连续6年的监测结果表明:全市区域土壤重金属元素环境质量整体优良,存在点状有机污染;典型工矿区、农业种植区、重要水源地等重点监测区土壤环境质量总体良好,局部存在安全风险.监测网包括区域监测和重点监测两个层次;监测范围已覆盖全市域;区域监测周期3年,重点监测周期1年;形成了以化学指标为主的监测指标体系;监测方法包括野外样品采集、样品加工处理、数据处理及图件编制、无机元素(指标)和有机物分布特征分析及对比、结果评价等.针对监测工作中存在的样品代表性问题、分析测试问题、重点工作区问题和评价标准统一问题,提出了应加强方法技术和质量监控体系研究;对重点监测区的选取和工作方法进行深入探讨;在评价规范化、技术方法创新方面进行尝试等思路.     

陆面过程模式BCC_AVIM中地表覆盖数据现状

地表覆盖是陆面和气候模式中的一个重要基础数据。以陆面过程模式BCC_AVIM为例,介绍模式中的地表覆盖数据变量、数据分辨率、不同类型数据的来源,重点比较分类方法差异巨大且类型众多的植被覆盖。综述比较了国际和国内常用的几套全球地表覆盖数据的来源、分类系统和分类方法以及空间分辨率,根据陆面过程模式的地表覆盖数据需求,确定不同全球土地覆盖数据在模式中的应用方法,讨论分析了全球地表覆盖产品在模式应用中存在的差距,提出不同遥感数据产品之间一致性较差的可能解决方案,探讨遥感数据产品在模式中应用的可能方式,以期更好地发挥全球地表覆盖数据产品的作用。     

中国农业气象模式(CAMM1.0)构建与应用

为发展适宜中国区域农业种植特点的农业气象模式,基于国外作物生长模拟方法,通过模式机理过程改进或重构以及应用方式革新,建立了中国农业气象模式（Chinese AgroMeteorological Model version 1.0,CAMM1.0）。CAMM1.0利用平均温度和土壤水分改进了作物发育进程模式,利用土壤水分改进了作物叶片光合作用、干物质分配和叶面积扩展过程模式,通过蒸发比法扩展了作物蒸散过程模式;自主建立了基于发育进程的冬小麦株高、基于遥感信息的作物灌溉、遥感数据同化、作物长势与灾害评价等模式。基于互联网技术构造了实时运转平台,主要功能包括作物生长过程实时常规模拟与用户个性化定制模拟。CAMM1.0的部分子模式采用多种方法构造,便于多模式集成。CAMM1.0对作物发育进程、光合过程、株高的模拟效果较好,但对土壤水分变化过程的拟合略差,模拟产量略偏低。CAMM1.0评价淮河流域夏玉米年际干旱减弱而涝渍增加的趋势与实际基本相符。     

Li_2S─B_2O_3（─LiBr）玻璃的结构表征

用ＮＭＲ和ＸＰＳ技术研究了Ｌｉ２Ｓ─Ｂ２Ｏ３（─ＬｉＢｒ）体系硫氧化物玻璃的结构，结果指出，４─配位硼分数Ｎ４仅仅由玻璃Ｌｉ２Ｓ／Ｂ２Ｏ３摩尔比决定．而与ＬｉＢｒ含量无关，这表明Ｌｉ２Ｓ作为变形剂参与了玻璃网络形成，而ＬｉＢｒ仅作为参杂剂溶解于玻璃基体中，并进入网络间隙。含ＬｉＢｒ玻璃７ＬｉＮＭＲ谱运动变窄说明Ｌｉ＋离子是移迁离子．Ｓ２ｐ的ＸＰＳ解析谱证实了玻璃中桥硫和非桥硫的存在．Ｌｉｌｓ结合能值显示出Ｌｉ＋离了迁移的化学环境。     

冀北侏罗系上统火山岩中宇宙尘的发现及其地质意义

在冀北丰宁、沽源、赤城一带的上侏罗统火山岩中发现有不同形态的铁质及玻璃质微球粒。经电镜扫描及外貌结构构造的鉴定，显示有熔融、碰撞、逸气、旋纹、冷疑、收缩等特征；经电子探针及Ｘ射线粉晶衍射分析，认为是宇宙尘。对其进行研究不仅有重要的地质意义，而且有找矿意义。