陕西宁强胡家坝地区震旦系灯影组风暴沉积特征

陕西宁强胡家坝地区新元古界震旦系灯影组出露较好,为一套碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩组合,岩性组合可划分为3段:藻白云岩段、高家山段和碑湾段,其中高家山段风暴沉积发育,为本文研究重点。风暴沉积构造特征在高家山剖面和狮子崖剖面各不相同,高家山剖面丘状交错层理发育,为风暴沉积典型特征;狮子崖剖面碎屑岩沉积可见底面构造、粒序层、水平层理现象等,灰岩层发育水平层理。通过野外实测、室内薄片鉴定等,认为高家山剖面高家山段中部化石层位为海水较浅的近源风暴沉积,而狮子崖相应层位为相对海水较深的远源风暴沉积。     

克拉玛依地区野外地质实习基地建设研究

野外实践教学在地学人才培养中具有重要作用,稳定的实习基地是开展实践教学的前提和基础。克拉玛依所处的准噶尔盆地西北缘地区位于哈萨克斯坦、塔里木与西伯利亚三大板块的交汇处,自晚古生代以来经历了多期次、多阶段长期而复杂的地质演化,褶皱构造、大型纵向走滑断裂构造发育,广泛发育晚古生代花岗岩侵入体和蛇绿混杂岩带,沉积地层连续、完整,沉积构造典型、特征显著,古生物化石丰富,白杨河深切峡谷、河流阶地地貌以及乌尔禾魔鬼城雅丹风蚀地貌各具特色,西北缘油砂矿、紫砂矿、金丝玉等矿藏储量丰富。区域内的地层、古生物、构造、地貌、矿产资源等为克拉玛依工程教育基地各院校的地学类相关专业的野外实践教学提供了丰富的教学资源,是一个理想的野外地质实习基地。     

滇西澜沧岩群碎屑锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

虽然前人对澜沧岩群做了大量的研究,但缺乏同位素年代学方面的研究。此次研究针对澜沧江南段菖蒲塘-大田山地区澜沧岩群绢白云母石英片岩进行碎屑锆石U-Pb定年,为澜沧岩群的形成时代增添年代学证据。极大多数(129粒)锆石阴极发光(CL)图像显示其有明显的结晶振荡环带,指示其为岩浆成因的碎屑锆石,129粒碎屑锆石具有多组峰值年龄,最年轻一组年龄加权平均值为452±26Ma,表明澜沧岩群最早沉积时限不早于452±26Ma;极少数(1粒)锆石具弱阴极发光,缺乏内部结构特点,认为其为变质重结晶锆石,变质结晶锆石U-Pb年龄为255±3Ma,与前人研究所得澜沧岩群变质时代基本吻合。综合分析,澜沧岩群的沉积时限不早于452±26Ma,在二叠纪末期可能发生变质作用。     

Satellite estimates and subpixel variability of rainfall in a semi-arid grassland

卫星估雨精度的不确定性受到当地降雨类型和像元内降雨非均匀性影响,而结合这两个关键因素开展半干旱草原卫星估雨的研究有限.2009年夏,我们在中国锡林郭勒半干旱草原用多部微雨雷达和雨量计构建了9 km卫星像元降雨观测网,观测了像元内降雨非均匀性(空间变异系数CV),并评估了卫星估雨精度.结果表明:(1)CV值受像元内平均降雨量,降雨类型,降雨云面积及移向等影响,如高Cv值的降雨过程大多为平均降雨量小,对流性降雨过程,降雨云边缘像元CV值较高;(2)TRMM 3B42V7卫星估雨产品适用性较好,CMORPH和PERSIANN次之,但TRMM 3B42V7易在半干旱草原湖泊处高估降雨.     

新型闪电电场变化测量仪的研究与初步应用

闪电电场变化测量系统是目前用于闪电物理研究以及闪电定位的重要手段之一, 提高测量系统的探测性能, 对于推动闪电物理以及闪电定位的研究具有重要作用。根据电磁感应原理, 研制出探测带宽为10 Hz~5 MHz的新型闪电电场变化测量仪。并进行了实验, 标定了测量仪输出信号与电场变化信号在频域上的数值关系。利用三套测量仪系统对南京多个强雷暴过程展开同步探测, 利用获取的数据反演了负地闪电场波形。对探测到的58次负地闪波形特征进行统计, 与国内外统计结果进行对比分析, 发现各个地区的负地闪预击穿过程和首次回击电场波形特征存在较大差异。      

海河流域东北冷涡背景下的降水预报订正研究

针对海河流域东北冷涡降水样本,应用海河流域加密自动站降水资料及欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMCWF）降水预报资料,利用滑动相关分析方法建立重组预报序列,基于加密自动站24 h累积降水量及重组24 h降水预报序列的Gamma累积概率分布曲线,采用预报—实况概率匹配方法建立1～3日的短期订正模型并进行试报检验。结果表明:欧洲中心数值模式对于海河流域东北冷涡降水的预报较实况偏慢;概率匹配法主要通过订正降水量级来改善预报结果,订正后降水预报对于小雨、大雨、暴雨预报的TS（Threat Score）评分技巧均有提升,尤其对于大雨和暴雨及以上量级预报,订正后预报量级及预报落区大小均与实况更加接近,订正效果显著。东北冷涡降水对流性强,模式预报能力弱,而订正后预报能有效提高此类强降水的预报技能,具有较好的应用价值。     

太平洋年代际振荡、大西洋年代际振荡和全球变暖对北美地区降水的相对贡献

本文研究了1934～2018年期间太平洋年代际振荡（Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation,IPO）、大西洋年代际振荡（Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation,AMO）以及全球变暖（Global Warming,GW）对北美地区陆地降水年代际变化的相对贡献。首先通过对冬（12至次年2月）、夏季（6～8月）北美地区的陆地降水与中低纬地区的海表面温度进行奇异值分解分析,得到对北美陆地冬季降水相对贡献较大的主要海温模态为IPO（42.33%）和AMO（23.21%）,夏季则为AMO（32.66%）和IPO（21.60%）。其次利用线性回归模型,分析三种信号分别对北美冬、夏季陆地降水的相对贡献及对北美陆地不同区域降水的相对重要性,结果表明AMO对夏季北美陆地降水变化的贡献最大,IPO次之,冬季则相反,GW对冬夏季北美陆地降水都有一定的贡献。夏季期间阿拉斯加地区AMO的贡献最大,约占65.8%,加拿大地区GW的贡献最大,约占44.5%,美国本土及墨西哥地区三者贡献基本一致;冬季期间阿拉斯加和加拿大地区GW的贡献最大,分别为62.3%和44.7%,美国本土和墨西哥地区IPO的贡献最大,分别为47.9%和71.5%。进一步利用信息流方法,验证了IPO、AMO、GW对降水的敏感性区域。最后运用全球大气环流模式ECHAM 4.6进一步确定了太平洋和大西洋海温异常对北美地区陆地降水变化的影响途径,结果表明印度洋海表面温度异常在AMO和IPO对北美陆地降水变化的作用中至关重要。     

气候学发展历程的回顾与若干启示

在人类对气候的漫长认知过程中,因涉及学科之广、贡献人物之多、关键事件之复杂导致后人试图完整准确地把握其脉络走向的努力极为困难。这就使得梳理古今中外几千年以来气候学的发展进程变得尤为重要,也成为气候学学科建设不可或缺的重要组成部分。本文试图在前人大量研究成果基础上,回顾气候学发展历程中的重要事件和关键人物,以时间脉络为主线,勾画出人类认识气候的基本轮廓,并以此为基础探讨其对当代气候学发展的启示。     

The Key Supply Source of Long-Distance Moisture Transport for the Extreme Rainfall Event on July 21, 2012 in Beijing

In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and meteorological observation data were used to research the long-distance moisture transport supply source of the extreme rainfall event that occurred on July 21, 2012 in Beijing. Recording a maximum rainfall amount of 460 mm in 24 h, this rainstorm event had two dominant moisture transport channels. In the early stage of the rainstorm, the first channel comprised southwesterly monsoonal moisture from the Bay of Bengal (BOB) that was directly transported to north China along the eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau (TP) by orographic uplift. During the rainstorm, the southwesterly moisture transport was weakened by the transfer of Typhoon Vicente. Moreover, the southeasterly moisture transport between the typhoon and western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) became another dominant moisture transport channel. The moisture in the lower troposphere was mainly associated with the southeasterly moisture transport from the South China Sea and the East China Sea, and the moisture in the middle troposphere was mainly transported from the BOB and Indian Ocean. The control experiment well reproduced the distribution and intensity of rainfall and moisture transport. By comparing the control and three sensitivity experiments, we found that the moisture transported from Typhoon Vicente and a tropical cyclone in the BOB both significantly affected this extreme rainfall event. After Typhoon Vicente was removed in a sensitivity experiment, the maximum 24-h accumulated rainfall in north China was reduced by approximately 50% compared with that of the control experiment, while the rainfall after removing the tropical cyclone was reduced by 30%. When both the typhoon and tropical cyclone were removed, the southwesterly moisture transport was enhanced. Moreover, the sensitivity experiment of removing Typhoon Vicente also weakened the tropical cyclone in the BOB. Thus, the moisture pump driven by Typhoon Vicente played an important role in maintaining and strengthening the tropical cyclone in the BOB through its westerly airflow. Typhoon Vicente was not only the moisture transfer source for the southwesterly monsoonal moisture but also affected the tropical cyclone in the BOB, which was a key supply source of long-distance moisture transport for the extreme rainfall event on July 21, 2012 in Beijing.     

Verification and Assessment of Real-time Forecasts of Two Extreme Heavy Rain Events in Zhengzhou by Operational NWP Models

In the present study, the performances of the NWP models on two heavy rainfalls on 20 July and 22 August 2021 over Henan Province were investigated. The impacts of the water vapor transport to the extreme rainfall were further discussed. The results showed that the regional model system in the Guangzhou Meteorological Service generally showed high scores on the extreme rainfall over Henan. The maximum 24h accumulative rainfall by the 24h forecasts by the CMA-GD reached 556 mm over Henan Province. The 24-h and 48-h Threat Score (TS) of heavy rainfall reached 0.56 and 0.64. The comparisons of the Fraction Skill Score (FSS) verifications of the heavy rainfall by CMA-GD and CMA-TRAMS at the radium of 40km reached 0.96 and 0.87. The water vapor transport to the extreme rainfall showed that the vertically integrated water vapor transport (IVT) of the whole layer before the occurrence of the heavy rainfall exhibited a double-eyes distribution in case 7 · 20. The north eye over Henan reached the same magnitude of IVT as the typhoon eye (Cempaka) over south China. The IVT over the lower troposphere (<500 hPa) showed an overwhelming magnitude than the upper level, especially in the planetary boundary layer (<700 hPa). More practical technical needs to be developed to improve its performances on the forecasting of extreme rainfall, as well as more experiments need to be conducted to examine the effects of the specific terrain and physical schemes on the extreme rainfall.