Influence of the zone of weakness on dip angle and shear heating of subducted slabs

We study the importance of the zones of weakness and the pattern of downgoing flow in steady-state models of subducting lithosphere, which interacts mechanically and thermally with the ambient mantle. The non-linear system of governing equations consists of (i) the momentum equation in stream function formulation and (ii) the steady-state heat transfer equation including conduction and advection of heat and dissipation. A finite element method has been applied to this system. We consider the viscosity to be a non-linear function of both the temperature and the stream function. In steady-state two-dimensional (2D) flow, the stream function isolines follow material trajectories. They are used to follow the top of the subducting slab, which because of its possible increase in water content, is assumed to have a lower viscosity. The zone of weakness has been thus obtained in the self-consistent fashion since the stream function as well as the temperature are the output from our modeling and no a priori assumptions about the shape of the bending lithosphere are taken into account. It was shown that several orders decrease of viscosity in the zone of weakness is required to obtain the dip angle of about 45°. If the decrease of viscosity is not sufficient enough, the subducted slab either sinks almost vertically or does not exhibit a plate-like behavior. We have also demonstrated that shear heating can unrealistically increase at the zone of weakness for fast subductions if decrease of viscosity is underestimated.     

牡丹江市大--暴雨中期预报方法研究

应用MICAPS平台所提供的数值预报产品，分析影响牡丹江市大一暴雨的天气系统，并找出关键区域及预报指标，在实际预报中取得了很好的效果。     

A Modeling Study of the Effects of Anomalous Snow Cover over the Tibetan Plateau upon the South Asian Summer Monsoon

The effect of anomalous snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau upon the South Asian summer monsoon is investigated by numerical simulations using the NCAR regional climate model (RegCM2) into which gravity wave drag has been introduced. The simulations adopt relatively realistic snow mass forcings based on Scanning Multi-channel Microwave Radiometer (SNINIR) pentad snow depth data. The physical mechanism and spatial structure of the sensitivity of the South Asian early summer monsoon to snow cover anomaly over the Tibetan Plateau are revealed. The main results are summarized as follows. The heavier than normal snow cover over the Plateau can obviously reduce the shortwave radiation absorbed by surface through the albedo effect, which is compensated by weaker upward sensible heat flux associated with colder surface temperature, whereas the effects of snow melting and evaporation are relatively smaller.The anomalies of surface heat fluxes can last until June and become unobvious in July. The decrease of the Plateau surface temperature caused by heavier snow cover reaches its maximum value from late April to early May. The atmospheric cooling in the mid-upper troposphere over the Plateau and its surrounding areas is most obvious in May and can keep a fairly strong intensity in June. In contrast, there is warming to the south of the Plateau in the mid-lower troposphere from April to June with a maximum value in May.The heavier snow cover over the Plateau can reduce the intensity of the South Asian summer monsoon and rainfall to some extent, but this influence is only obvious in early summer and almost disappears in later stages.     

基于遥感信息的土地资源可持续利用研究

遥感信息是对自然界的反映，它具有宏观、动态、准确、快速的优点，可以及时提供动态数据。基于遥感信息，对吉林西部土地资源利用状况进行调查，运用主成分分析法，可以不损失或很少损失原有的信息，将原来个数较多而且彼此相关的变量转换为新的个数较少而且彼此独立或不相关的新变量。对土地资源可持续利用进行定量分析研究，指出土地利用中存在的问题，并提出吉林西部土地资源可持续利用发展模式。     

辽西北票—义县地区义县旋回火山岩的岩石化学特征

辽西地区是中国中生代火山岩主要分布区之一。义县组分为4个岩性段。义县火山旋回可分为4个亚旋回。第一亚旋回分为4个小旋回。从早期至晚期，义县旋回火山岩逐渐由基性向中基性、中性和酸性演化，火山岩岩石组合为基性岩-中性岩-酸性岩组合，从北票-义县，火山活动显示了由老到新的迁移性。主要氧化物关系表明岩石的SiO2与K2O呈正相关，SiO2与MgO、CaO、FeO Fe2O3呈负相关。TAS图解反映了火山岩较高碱度的总体特征，硅-碱关系图和AFM图解反映了火山岩属于亚碱性系列中的钙碱性系列岩石，在SiO2-K2O关系图上，绝大部分样品落于高钾钙碱性系列区内，少量落于钾玄岩系列区，因此义县旋回火山岩以高钾钙碱性系列岩石为主，部分为钾玄岩系列，表明岩石富钾。义县旋回火山岩具有大陆板内火山岩的基本特征。     

Variation of earthquake ground motionwith depth

Introduction The 21st century is the time for the exploitation and utilization of underground spaces. It is astrategic way to defeat the severe challenge that human are now confronting with, such as the lackof land, contamination of environment, traffic jam, waste of sources, and so on. The exploitationand utilization of underground space has become a global tendency, and a significant sign inevaluating the speed of modernization of cities. Facing the challenge, it is significantly necess…     

Study on comparison between absolute and relative input energy spectra and effects of ductility factor

Introduction Estimation of an attenuation relationship for strong ground motion parameters has been an interesting research subject in the field of engineering seismology and has played a very important role in seismic safety evaluation, seismic zoning, seismic hazard evaluation of major constructions, etc. At present, the generally used parameters include peak acceleration, peak velocity and elastic response spectrum. Such parameters mentioned above are essentially independent of the duration…     

Tetrahedral Plots of the Phase Relations for Basalts

The phase relations of quaternary systems are generally represented by projections onto ternary compositional planes. Such projections often obscure relationships that would only be evident in a three-dimensional tetrahedral plot. The tetrahedral plot requires that compositions of the minerals and melts be transformed into Cartesian coordinates. It is shown here how this transformation is carried out. The application is demonstrated by tetrahedral plots of experimental melt compositions of partially molten lherzolite. Furthermore, the plot can be used to evaluate whether or not a particular basaltic composition represents a primary melt. The methods are applicable to any four-component system.     

喀斯特土地利用变化及其区域生态环境效应--以广西都安瑶族自治县为例

从土地利用转移类型、空间格局变化定量分析、动态变化预测模型等方面分析近20年都安土地利用变化,进而对其生态环境质量变化进行定量分析,得出结论:都安各乡(镇)生态环境质量改善与恶化在很大程度取决于裸岩地扩展与收缩,土地利用时空变化与区域生态环境质量的区域差异有很大相关性。     

O2-O2云反演算法及其在TROPOMI上的应用

利用遥感技术对大气环境污染进行监测时，云是影响痕量气体反演精度的重要因素，因此在痕量气体反演中需要对云的影响进行校正，通常使用的云参数主要是有效云量和云压。本文基于O₂-O₂ 477 nm吸收波段构建了O₂-O₂云反演算法：首先，根据有效云量和云高与连续反射率和O₂-O₂斜柱浓度之间的对应关系，结合假定的云模型利用VLIDORT辐射传输模型建立关于有效云量和云压的查找表；然后，通过差分吸收光谱技术拟合卫星载荷观测的大气层顶辐射，获得O₂-O₂斜柱浓度并计算连续反射率；最后，结合辅助数据，根据查找表进行插值反演获得有效云量和云压。通过将算法应用到OMI观测数据，将反演结果与OMCLDO2产品进行对比验证，有效云量和云压空间分布一致，相关系数R均超过0.97；并还将该算法应用于下一代大气成分监测仪器TROPOMI，与FRESCO+产品对比，有效云量和云压空间分布基本一致，当地表类型为海洋时，有效云量相关系数R大于0.97，云压相关系数R大于0.94，云压反演结果存在一定的区别；通过将O₂-O₂云反演算法和FRESCO+云压反演结果与CALIOP Cloud Layer产品进行对比，结果表明，在低云情况下，O₂-O₂云反演算法线性回归方程斜率为0.782，截距为198.0 hPa，相关系数R为0.850，算法表现优于FRESCO+。而在高云情况下，FRESCO+反演结果更接近CALIOP云压结果。在OMI和TROPOMI上的应用表明O₂-O₂云反演算法在大气云反演中具有较高的准确性和可行性，可以为大气痕量气体反演的校正提供云参数，并为中国同类型卫星载荷的云反演算法提供算法参考。