钻探工作中常见孔内事故的预防与处理

钻探工作中,由于地层,机械,及工作人员的水平等原因会发生各种孔内事故,根据事故的具体原因,应选择相应的处理方式,预防孔内事故的发生会减少工作成本,提高工作效率。本文研究了孔内事故的预防及处理事故的方法。     

吉林省敦化市团北区锡钼矿构造控矿特征浅析

地壳中的矿产分布是受一定地质构造控制的,矿体的空间分布、范围、规模与构造关系十分密切,褶皱与断裂的组合构造体系,控制了矿体的空间定位、构造型式及其构造作用方式控制了矿体的产状与形态。     

西藏冈底斯造山带几乎同时形成的两套埃达克岩为什么一套含矿一套不含矿？

野外地质调查结合锆石U-Pb年龄测定和岩石化学成分分析,发现西藏冈底斯碰撞造山带晚中新世发育两套埃达克岩.一套呈NS向岩墙产出,锫石U-Pb-LAICP-MS年龄为15.6～16.8 Ma,地球化学上以富Na2O、贫K2O、Sr/Y比值高为特点,不含矿;另一套呈岩株产出,锆石 U-Pb SHRIMP 年龄为14.0～15.3 Ma,地球化学上以富K2O、贫NaO、Sr/Y比值低为特点,伴随着大规模的斑岩型铜钼矿化.两套埃达克岩都高度富集大离子不相容元素(LILE)Rb、Ba、Th、U、K、Sr、Pb,强烈亏损高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、Ti,反映出俯冲组分对岩浆源区的明显影响,具备岛弧岩浆作用的基本特征.比较而言,含矿埃达克岩更富集Rb、Th、U、K、Pb,而不含矿埃达克岩更富集Sr;不含矿埃达克岩的高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti亏损更加强烈,Zr、Hf相对富集.两套埃达克岩都是形成于碰撞后地壳伸展的同一地球动力学背景下,其岩石地球化学差异主要与岩浆源区有关.研究表明,含矿埃达克岩的岩浆源区较浅,位于下地壳底部,参与岩浆作用的俯冲组分以沉积物熔体为主,岩浆的氧化性较强,并且经历了更多的分异过程.不含矿埃达克岩的岩浆源区较深,位于岩石圈地幔上部,参与源区岩浆作用的俯冲组分主要是板片流体,岩浆氧化性较低,岩浆分异过程较少.两套埃达克岩含矿与不含矿的原因包含了源区物质组成和岩浆生成条件两方面的差异.     

Mineral-microbe interactions: a review

The studies of mineral-microbe interactions lie at the heart of the emerging field of Geomicrobiology, as minerals and rocks are the most fundamental earth materials with which microbes interact at all scales. Microbes have been found in a number of the Earth’s extreme environments and beyond. In spite of the diverse geological environments in which microbes are found and diverse approaches taken to study them, a common thread, mineral-microbe interactions, connects all these environments and experimental approaches under the same umbrella, i.e., Geomicrobiology. Minerals and rocks provide microbes with nutrients and living habitats, and microbes impact rock and mineral weathering and diagenesis rates through their effects on mineral solubility and speciation. Given a rapid growth of research in this area in the last two decades, it is not possible to provide a comprehensive review on the topic. This review paper focuses on three area, i.e., microbial dissolution of minerals, microbial formation of minerals, and certain techniques to study mineral-microbe interactions. Under the first area, three subjects are reviewed; they include siderophores as important agents in promoting mineral dissolution, microbial oxidation of reduced minerals (acid mine drainage and microbial leaching of ores), and microbial reduction of oxidized minerals. Under the second topic, both biologically controlled and induced mineralizations are reviewed with a special focus on microbially induced mineralization (microbial surface mediated mineral precipitation and microbial precipitation of carbonates). Under the topic of characterization, the focus is on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy. It is the author’s hope that this review will promote more focused research on mineral-microbe interactions and encourage more collaboration between microbiologists and mineralogists.     

南海西沙海域永乐海底峡谷形成演化过程分析*

远海孤立碳酸盐台地周缘发育了碳酸盐岩峡谷, 对其开展研究有助于深刻理解碳酸盐碎屑沉积物的“源-汇”体系及深水油气成藏等方面。文章利用多波束测深、高分辨率二维多道地震等数据, 精细刻画南海西沙海域永乐海底峡谷的地貌形态及内部充填特征, 揭示该峡谷沉积演化过程, 分析峡谷成因控制因素及稳定性。永乐海底峡谷形成演化可分为萌芽、汇聚和拓展3个阶段, 随着演化过程的发展, 峡谷规模及对沉积物输运作用增加。永乐海底峡谷形成及演化主要受古地貌隆起形成的负地形和沉积物重力流侵蚀作用影响。峡谷在第四纪以后仍有较明显的活动迹象。分析显示永乐海底峡谷是西北次海盆的重要物质输送通道, 其沉积演化过程及稳定性对研究碳酸盐台地沉积物输运等深水沉积过程及岛礁工程建设具有一定参考意义。     

关节软坚止痛片对兔膝骨关节炎关节液中IL-6及TNF-α的影响

目的：观察关节软坚止痛片对兔膝骨关节炎（KOA）模型血清及关节液中白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）的影响。方法：将40只新西兰兔随机分为5组：空白组、模型组、玻璃酸钠组（对照组）及关节软坚止痛片低、高剂量组（简称为低、高剂量组）,每组各8只。采用屈曲位石膏铁丝固定法建立兔KOA模型后进行药物干预。观察比较各组肉眼下股骨内外髁组织,血清及关节液中IL-6、TNF-α含量,光镜下软骨组织形态学及Mankin''s评分。结果：各组血清及关节液中IL-6、TNF-α水平及Mankin''s评分比较,模型组均高于空白组、对照组及低、高剂量组（P<0.05）,对照组均高于低、高剂量组（P<0.05）,低、高剂量组比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。肉眼下股骨内外髁组织观察及光镜下软骨组织形态学观察结果显示：对照组及高、低剂量组均优于模型组,高、低剂量组均优于对照组。结论：关节软坚止痛片可治疗兔膝骨关节炎,其疗效优于玻璃酸钠注射液治疗,其作用机制可能与抑制IL-6、TNF-α等炎性因子表达有关。     

长三角盛夏—初秋强降水的延伸期过程预报探析

针对长三角汛期强降水过程,根据不同降水类型的特性,提出分时段建立低频模型并给出建模流程。综合分析长三角汛期强降水期的低频特性,将低频气旋及反气旋区分划分7个关键区。重点研究盛夏—初秋时段的强降水特征,在总结强降水期低频特征的基础上,借助EOF分解建立延伸期大—暴雨的预报模型:1区或2区有低频气旋维持并发展;6区、7区或5区存在低频反气旋。并且在7个关键区中1、2区的低频气旋及5、6、7区的低频反气旋为主要低频系统,起决定作用,而3区的低频系统为次要低频系统,起辅助作用。利用该模型提前30 d预报出2012年汛期最强降水过程,并分析本次过程的低频系统演变,给出动态演变模型。     

A Dipole Pattern of Summer Precipitation over Mid-high Latitude Asia and Related Snow Cover Anomalies in the Preceding Spring

A dipole pattern of summer precipitation over the mid-high latitudes of Asia, which is characterized by opposing summer precipitation variations between the Mongolian and Northeast China （MNC） region and the West Siberian Plain （WSP）, is found to be clear and stable on both interdecadal and interannual scales during 1981- 2011. Spring snow cover anomalies over a small region within the WSP and the Heilongjiang River （HR） region are closely related to the variation of this dipole mode during the subsequent summer, and they can therefore be considered as forecasting factors. Our statistical results imply a potential process explaining the relationship between the spring snow anomalies and the summer rainfall dipole. Corresponding to the snow anomalies, Rossby waves propagate along a path from the WSP region, via the Mongolian Plateau, to the Stanovoy Range during summer. At the same time, Rossby-wave energy divergences and convergences along this path maintain and reinforce an anomalous cyclone and anticyclone pairing over the Asian continent, which is significantly linked to opposite summer precipitation anomalies between the MNC and WSP regions. Numerical experiments are need- ed to further confirm the above conjecture and demonstrate the detailed physical mechanisms linking the spring snow cover anomalies and summer precipitation dipole.     

基于线粒体16S rDNA和COΙ基因探讨中国近海黄姑鱼类的分子系统进化关系

为探讨中国近海黄姑鱼类的系统进化关系,通过PCR扩增了黄姑鱼(Nibea albifora)、浅色黄姑鱼(N.coibor)、日本黄姑鱼(N.japonica)和状黄姑鱼(N.miichthioides)等4种黄姑鱼类的16S rDNA和COΙ基因片段并进行了序列测定,计算其种间及种内遗传距离并结合来自GenBank的13种石首鱼科鱼类的相应基因片段序列构建分子系统树。结果表明:(1)利用16S rDNA片段可以对4种黄姑鱼类进行分子鉴定;但是基于COΙ基因片段计算的日本黄姑鱼和状黄姑鱼的种间遗传距离为0.002—0.005,尚未达到种间分化水平,应用该基因片段进行这两种鱼的分子鉴定值得商榷;(2)分子系统树显示日本黄姑鱼和状黄姑鱼与黄姑鱼和浅色黄姑鱼处于不同的系统发育阶元,日本黄姑鱼和状黄姑鱼与白姑鱼属鱼类聚为同一类群,支持形态学上将日本黄姑鱼和状黄姑鱼划归为白姑鱼属的分类学观点。     

公交车辆全线运行状态的监督站牌及查询系统

针对出行者对公交车辆运行信息的需求,基于GPS技术设计了一个动态显示公交车辆位置信息的监督站牌系统,并提供公交位置信息的网络查询服务,方便出行者了解公交车辆的实时运营信息,以及对公交车辆的实时监督.系统以LabVIEW为软件开发平台对数据进行分析与处理,利用ASP.NET进行Web网页开发并与数据库交互,实现公交系统的智能运营和智能服务.通过实际验证,该方案具有可行性、实用性.