提高旋流除砂器净化泥浆效果的试验研究

从分析单粒岩屑受力情况出发，研究了旋流除砂器的工作机理，指出了其中心部位出现的涡旋气柱将对泥浆净化效果产生显著影响。提出了可手动或自动调节结构参数的旋流除砂器改进设计，通过关于临界粒度、最小泥浆损耗量和预防排砂口堵塞的实验，验证了新型除砂器的净化效果非常了，尤其在西部缺水地区具有推广价值。     

Effects of heavy metals on the survival and feeding behaviour of the sandy shore scavenging gastropod Nassarius festivus (Powys)

The effects of Cu, Cd, Zn and Cr on the survival and feeding behaviour of the sandy shore scavenging gastropod Nassarius festivus were compared. The 96-h LC₅₀ for Cu, Cd, Zn and Cr were 0.36, 1.52, 1.76 and 36.9 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Four sublethal concentrations of each metal plus a control were prepared and the snails were exposed to experimental solutions for 96 h. Feeding behaviour was studied after the snails were starved for five days. As compared with the control, the number of individuals feeding was significantly reduced by exposure to 0.05 mg l⁻¹ Cu, 0.2 mg l⁻¹ Zn, 0.5 mg l⁻¹ Cd and 5 mg l⁻¹ Cr. The time spent feeding was greater for individuals exposed to greater concentrations of Zn and Cd but no effect was found for Cu and Cr. Chemoreception of food was studied by placing the snails at a fixed distance of 15 cm from the bait. The success rate of reaching the bait was less for individuals exposed to Cr but no effect was found for Zn, Cu or Cd. The time required for an individual to reach the bait decreased as the concentration of Zn increased. In contrast, a longer time was required for individuals exposed to Cr whereas the effect of Cd and Cu was insignificant. The potential of using feeding behaviour and chemoreception in contaminant evaluations is discussed.     

同忻井田煌斑岩侵入特征及对煤层和煤质的影响

介绍了同忻井田煌斑岩的岩性及产状、时代,分析了岩浆上升通道,研究了煌斑岩侵入特征及其对煤层、煤质的影响。      

水盐动态与土地利用变化相互作用的分析

利用1987年和1998年两期土地利用现状图,1988~1998年水文资料和2000年、2001年地下水和土壤水、盐含量的监测资料,分析三工河流域水盐的时空动态变化对流域土地利用的影响。1988~1998年三条河流年出山口总径流量10年间无显著变化,但上游老绿洲耕地面积逐步扩大,引水量逐年增加,可以占到出山口径流总量的90%以上。1998年相对于1988年,上游绿洲地下水位有所下降,而所有下游观测点的地下水位均有所升高,盐渍化问题加剧。通过2000年和2001年三工河流域下游的新垦绿洲地下水、土壤的连续观测表明,从绿洲、过渡带到沙漠中,土壤盐分含量的变化梯度不大,差异不显著,而水分则有显著的下降趋势。但是在过渡带由于受绿洲灌溉过程的影响,地下水位较浅,土壤含水量较高,植被较为稳定,因此绿洲边界始终没有变化。因此水分的减少是绿洲过渡带动态稳定的关键限制因子。绿洲内的撂荒地和靠近绿洲的荒漠草地受绿洲内部灌溉过程的影响,地下水位升高,超过了地下水的临界深度,同时又因为缺少灌溉的反复淋洗,在强烈的蒸发作用下,盐分的表聚现象十分明显,而且整个剖面内盐分的含量都较高,土壤的盐渍化现象非常严重。     

荣筋片影响SAMP6鼠成骨-成脂分化PPAR-γ水平的实验研究

目的：观察荣筋片对SAMP6鼠血清中PPAR-γ水平及骨组织中PPAR-γ蛋白表达的影响，以期为荣筋片对抗骨质疏松症的作用机制研究提供新的思路。方法：选取6月龄SAMP6鼠30只，按体质量随机分为荣筋片组、空白对照组，每组各15只，选取同月龄SAMR1鼠15只设为SAMR1对照组。荣筋片组给予3ml药液灌胃，空白对照组给予等剂量 0.9%氯化钠注射液灌胃，均每天1次，连续12周。摘眼球采血，ELISA法检测血清PPAR-γ的含量；取股骨骨髓制作涂片，免疫组化法测定骨组织中PPAR-γ蛋白的表达。结果：血清PPAR-γ含量空白对照组明显高于SAMRl对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；荣筋片组和空白对照组组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。与空白对照组相比，SAMRl对照组、荣筋片组骨组织PPAR-γ蛋白表达水平明显下调，荣筋片组低于SAMRl对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论：荣筋片能够降低SAMP6鼠血清PPAR-γ含量，下调骨组织PPAR-γ蛋白表达水平，可能能改善自发性骨质疏松动物骨髓基质干细胞成骨-成脂分化PPAR-γ水平的异常。     

Social capital, community based management, and fishers’ livelihood in Bangladesh

This paper examines the impact of Community Based Fisheries Management (CBFM) on fishing households’ welfare in Bangladesh. It analyses how the various types of livelihood assets contribute to fishers’ household incomes. The study found that fishers in CBFM project areas have improved their access to different assets including social, human, physical, financial and natural capitals. The regression results show that social capital contributed significantly to household income, indicating that social factors play very important roles in poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. Future poverty alleviation policy options need to give priority to investments in human, physical and natural capital assets.     

地质内、外力作用形成的堰塞湖

该文简要介绍了地震堰塞湖、火山堰塞湖、冰碛堰塞湖的形成原因及特点。     

小兴安岭西北部花岗质糜棱岩锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学特征及地质意义

通过对位于小兴安岭西北部黑河-呼玛地区与元古宙变质岩系伴生出露的三处强变形的花岗质岩石的锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS测年和岩石学、岩石地球化学研究,确认样品岩性分别为花岗闪长质糜棱岩(样品1-3-4和1-5-1)、角砾状花岗闪长岩(样品1121和1211)和花岗质糜棱岩(样品1218),锆石U-Pb年龄为299.6±1.0Ma、300.8±1.1Ma和294.3±1.0 Ma,形成于晚石炭世末至早二叠世初,而非前人确定的元古宙或早石炭世,并初步认为岩石韧性变形作用发生时间介于184~170 Ma之间。三种花岗岩分别属于富硅、高铝、贫钾的过铝质钙碱性系列(I-3-4和1-5-1)、贫硅偏铝、高钙铁镁的偏铝质高钾钙碱性系列(1121和1211)和富硅钾、低钙镁铝的弱过铝质钾玄质系列(1218),稀土元素特征相似,富集轻稀土,相对亏损重稀土,具有明显或弱的Eu负异常,微量元素富集Rb、La、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Sr和高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf,具有高分异Ⅰ型花岗岩和A型花岗岩的特征,在构造环境判别图R_1-E_2图上分别落在同碰撞造山、晚造山和造山后环境,在Nb-Y图落入火山弧-同碰撞环境和板内环境。结合区域资料,认为上述花岗岩是兴安地块与松嫩地块晚古生代碰撞造山的产物,记录了两块体间碰撞造山到造山后伸展作用。     

An estimation of discharge using mean velocity derived through Chiu’s velocity equation

To estimate discharge through the year (dry season and flood season), a stage–discharge curve derived through monitoring discharge in about 20 rivers or channels every year has been generally used. As revealed in many studies, however, the stage–discharge curve is inevitably affected by their hydraulic characteristics. This suggests that the use of a stage–discharge curve derived without considering hydraulic characteristics unique to a river or channel may produce significant errors in estimating discharge at not only low stage (during dry seasons) but also high stage (during flood seasons). In this study, the authors proposed a method to calculate the mean velocity and to estimate the discharge considering the hydraulic characteristics of a river or channel (e.g. the bed slope, wetted perimeter, width, kinematic viscosity, etc.); the method was developed using Chiu’s velocity equation. With the proposed method, it is possible to calculate a maximum velocity that is difficult to measure in an open channel, derive an entropy function representing the equilibrium of the channel, and thereby, estimate reliable discharge even in a flood season. To comparatively verify the utility of the proposed method, relations between the results of analysis using Manning’s and Chezy’s mean velocity equations and the values of measured discharge were addressed together. The results of analysis using lab data sets and measured data sets revealed that the proposed method was significantly more accurate in estimating discharge, even in flood seasons, when compared with the conventional method.     

An alternative depth-integrated formulation for granular avalanches over temporally varying topography with small curvature

An alternative formulation is proposed for deriving depth-integrated equations for gravity-driven granular avalanches over a non-trivial topography with small curvature. The coordinate system of Bouchut and Westdickenberg (2004 Bouchut, F and Westdickenberg, M. 2004. Gravity driven shallow water models for arbitrary topography. Commun. Math. Sci., 2: 359–389. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) is combined with the unified coordinate (UC) method, so that it can evolve in accordance with the entrainment–deposition processes at the basal surface. The resultant mass and momentum equations are formulated as a conservation system of the Cartesian components of the conservative physical variables. The motion of the flows is driven by the basal topography-induced pressure, pressure gradient, and resisted by the basal friction. The best benefit of this formulation is that it greatly simplifies the computation of the varying coordinate orientations. The features and advantages of this formulation are illustrated by the sliding-mass examples where we simulate the motion of a finite mass of granular material sliding down an inclined chute, running through a transition zone, and being deposited onto a horizontal plane.