Stream-aquifer interactions: evaluation of depletion volume and residual effects from ground water pumping

Numerical modeling techniques were used to simulate stream-aquifer interactions from seasonal ground water pumping. We used stream-aquifer models in which a shallow stream penetrates the top of an aquifer that discharges ground water to the stream as base flow. Because of the pumping, the volume of base flow discharged to the stream was reduced, and as the pumping continued, infiltration from the stream to the aquifer was induced. Both base-flow reduction and stream infiltration contributed to total stream depletion. We analyzed the depletion rates and volumes of the reduced base flow and induced stream infiltration during pumping and postpumping periods. Our results suggested that for a shallow penetrating stream with a low streambed conductance, base-flow reduction accounts for a significant percentage of the total stream depletion. Its residual effects in postpumping can last very long and may continue into the next pumping season for areas where recharge is nominal. In contrast, the contribution of the induced stream infiltration to the total stream depletion is much smaller, and its effects often become negligible shortly after pumping was stopped. For areas where surface recharge replenishes the aquifer, the residual effects of base-flow reduction and thus its depletion volume will be significantly reduced. A stream of large conductance has a high hydraulic connection to the aquifer, but the relationship between stream conductance and stream depletion is not linear.     

History of Star Formation and Chemical Enrichment in the Milky Way Disk

Based on a physical treatment of the star formation law similar to that given by Efstathiou, we have improved our two-component chemical evolution model for the Milky Way disk. Two gas infall rates are compared, one exponential, one Gaussian. It is shown that the star formation law adopted in this paper depends more strongly on the gas surface density than that in Chang et al. It has large effects on the history of star formation and gas evolution of the whole disk. In the solar neighborhood, the history of chemical evolution and star formation is not sensitive to whether the infall rate is Gaussian or exponential. For the same infall time scale, both forms predict the same behavior for the current properties of the Galactic disk. The model predictions do depend on whether or not the infall time scale varies with the radius, but current available observations cannot decide which case is the more realistic. Our results also show that it would be inadequate to describe the gradient evolution along the Gala     

南海含天然气水合物地层地震反射特征及可能分布研究

天然气水合物是当前能源与环境领域的研究热点之一,南中国海是天然气水合物赋存的有利区域。天然气水合物的存在改变了沉积地层的声学特征,这一性质使多道地震勘探成为发现海洋天然气水合物的主要手段。本文首先根据地震成像结果定性分析南海可能含天然气水合物沉积地层的地震反射特征,初步确定天然气水合物存在的可能性并指出地震成像关键技术。在无井条件下,构建虚拟井进行波阻抗反演得到定量的地层速度参数进一步证实这一可能性,最后将反演获得的速度场与ODP184 航次在此区域获得的地球物理、地球化学信息综合分析,可以确定此区域天然气水合物的存在及其空间展布。     

洛阳分县温度周滚动预报系统

利用洛阳9县(市)2002年11月~2004年9月逐日最高、最低气温资料,应用欧洲中心数值预报产品,建立了洛阳9个县(市)的温度周滚动预报方程。2004~2005年试报结果表明:24~48 h预报准确率在70%左右,绝对误差在2℃以内;24~144 h预报准确率在62%~70%之间,绝对误差在2℃左右;最低气温预报效果要好于最高气温,最低气温的绝对误差与准确率分别为1.98℃和67%,最高气温的绝对误差与准确率分别为2.28℃和61%。     

内蒙古额济纳旗地貌特征及其构造、气候事件

根据遥感卫星影像解译及野外地质实地调查,将内蒙古额济纳旗地区的地貌单元划分为中低山区、冲—洪积平原、湖积盆地及风成地貌。根据不同地貌单元组成的沉积物年龄测定和分析,初步认为上新世—早更新世的构造抬升形成苏泊淖尔级湖积阶地;早更新世末(750±60kaBP),发生一次明显的构造抬升活动,形成东、西居延海间的台地;另一次明显的构造抬升记录发生在中更世末—晚更新世初,即149±60kaBP之后,形成黑城冲湖积台地;苏泊淖尔级阶地形成于全新世早、中期,属气候干旱湖泊萎缩形成的气候阶地,阶地沉积物中保存的古风成砂丘,表明晚更新世末—全新世早期气候一度恶化。天鹅湖湖积阶地的形成表明5000a之后一段时间,气候相对适宜;全新世中后期,气候波动强烈,1200aBP出现一次丰水期。     

Climatic change during the last 4000 years in the southern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang, northwest China

In this study, a ca. 4000 cal. yr ancient lacustrine (or wetland) sediment record at the southern margin of Tarim Basin is used to reconstruct the history of climate change. Six radiocarbon dates on organic matter were obtained. δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C of carbonate, pollen and sediment particle size were analysed for climate proxies. The proxies indicate that a drier climate prevailed in the area before ca. 1010 BC and during period 1010 BC–AD 500 climate then changed rapidly and continuously from dry to moist, but after about AD 500 climate generally shows dry condition. Several centennial‐scale climatic events were revealed, with the wettest spell during AD 450–550, and a relatively wetter interval between AD 930–1030. Pollen results show that regional climate may influence human agricultural activities. Spectral analysis of mean grain size (MGS) proxy reveals statistically pronounced cyclic signals, such as ca. 200 yr, ca. 120 yr, ca. 90 yr, ca. 45 yr and ca. 33 or 30 yr, which may be associated with solar activities, implying that solar variability plays an important role in the decadal‐ and centennial‐scale climate variations in the study area. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冻融循环对盐渍土黏聚力影响的试验研究

通过室内试验,测试了冻融循环对不同含盐量和不同含盐类别盐渍土黏聚力的影响规律。从结晶体位置变化、微观结构、盐类性质及未冻结水含量三个方面分析了冻融循环对盐渍土黏聚力的作用机理。研究结果表明,在含水率一定的情况下,无论是向土中加入Na2SO4,或者是CaCl2,经冻融循环后黏聚力都随冻融次数的增加而减小,且第1次和第2次循环为主要减小阶段;加入CaCl2后黏聚力的减小程度比加入等量Na2SO4后小;冻融循环过程中结晶体析出时位置的变化是土体黏聚力和干密度减小的主要原因;经SEM图片分析,大孔隙占总孔隙面积的比例随冻融次数的增加而减小;盐渍土中CaCl2溶液的含量对冻融循环中黏聚力的变化有重要影响。     

江苏仪征捺山火山机构及玄武岩石柱林

江苏仪征捺山为一个典型的古火山口,由玄武质岩石组成的火山溢流相、爆发相、通道相等岩相在空间上呈环状分布,且均向内倾斜,构成一个上大下小、向北东倾斜的喇叭口。火山喷发时间在距今约1000万年前,属中新世晚期产物。尤其是玄武岩石柱林规模宏大,气势雄伟,千恣百态,其火山石柱林价值已不再沉寂于地学标尺上,而以一种奇致的新姿态将成为本地域旅游业的新亮点。     

利用WRF对兰州冬季大气边界层的数值模拟

本文介绍了WRF中尺度模式的有关概况,分析了模式的物理结构,并利用WRF中尺度模式对河谷城市兰州冬季大气边界层的风场和温度场进行了数值模拟研究。模拟结果与观测事实基本一致,表明WRF模式具有良好的稳定性能。     

绍兴市城镇用地扩展的遥感监测

随着我国改革开放政策的实施,绍兴市的经济得到飞速发展,城市规模迅速扩大。城市扩展趋势如何,土地的开发利用现状如何是制定今后土地利用规划,进行土地管理、开发的重要依据。为此绍兴市土地局开展了以TM影像为基本信息源的城镇遥感监测工作,本文对此工作进行了分析探讨。