华东稻田CH4和N2O排放

稻田CH4和N2O排放的季节变化规律完全不同，两者的排放通量随土壤水分条件变化而互为消长，但它们的日变化形式则比较一致。晴天时的CH4和N2O排放日变化规律明显，主要表现为下午单峰模态，有时CH4排放夜间出现一个次峰。CH4和N2O排放总量因肥料类型而不同，堆肥加尿素处理比NH4HCO3处理少排放N2O 30%，多排放CH4 12%。     

川滇块体边界断裂的CO2释放及其来源

川滇块体边界断裂沿线及附近地区有大量的CO_2泉出露,其分布与1900年以来强震震中的分布大体一致,这表明该区CO_2释放可能与现代地震活动有直接关联。稳定碳、氧同位素证据表明,现代活动断裂释放的CO_2绝大部分来自地壳深部,并有两种主要的释放机制。现代活动断裂既可以直接产生大量的热动力变质成因CO_2,又可以作为通道释放来自下地壳甚至上地慢的CO_2组分。连续监测深源CO_2的释放动态有可能获得反映震源物理化学变化的地震前兆信息。     

Methane Production, Emission and Possible Control Measures in the Rice Agriculture

In the rice field methane is produced in the soil layer with depths of 2-25 cm. The vertical profile of methane production rate in the paddy soil during the water covering period differs from that in the paddy soil in dry phase. Only a small part, about 30%. of the produced methane is emitted to the atmosphere through rice plant, air bubbles, and molecular diffusion. Therefore, the methane emission rate from the rice field depends not only on the methane production rate in the soil, but also on the transport efficiency of the rice plant, air bubble formation that in turn depends on the production rate, and molecular diffusion.Field measurements show that methane emission rates from a particular rice field have very large diurnal, seasonal and interannual variations, which are related to soil characteristics, water regime, farming procedure, local climate, and rice growing activities. The relationship between the methane emission rate and the above mentioned factors is very complicated. The emission rate     

我国西南地区的稻田CH4排放

稻田CH_4排放的季节变化和水稻的生长过程(水稻高度)有较大的关系,有机肥对稻田CH_4排放有促进作用,沼气发酵肥可以降低稻田的CH_4排放量,水稻品种对稻田CH_4排放有一定影响,垄作是减少稻田CH_4排放的一种重要方法。     

我国华中地区稻田甲烷排放特征

本文主要讨论地处我国华中水稻生态区的湖南红壤稻田的CH4排放特征。稻田CH4排放的日变化都有一致的规律，即在下午16:00左右出现最大值；CH4排放的日变化幅度与天气条件和水稻植物体有关；CH4排放的日变化与温度日变化的相关性很好（R>0.90）。早稻和晚稻的CH4排放季节变化规律有明显的差别，这主要是由于早、晚稻水稻生长期间的天气特别是空气温度变化的差异引起的，早稻CH4排放率在水稻生长中期（6月）略大，而晚稻在水稻移栽后几天内CH4排放就达到整个季节中的最大值，以后随时间逐渐降低；缺水会使CH4排放率明显降低，而且在重新灌水后相当长时间内CH4排放率没有回升；CH4排放在全有机肥的田中最大，然后依次是常规施肥、全沼渣肥及化肥田；尿素、氯化钾和复合肥的多施可降低稻田CH4排放率；不同施肥田中CH4排放率的温度效应不同；施肥是控制CH4排放的一种可行手段；在整个晚稻生长季节中瞬时CH4排放率与瞬时温度呈明显的指数关系；在1991年双季水稻生长季节中，稻田中CH4的排放量为67.96 g·m-2，其中早稻的CH4排放率为0.36 g·m-2·d-1，晚稻为0.48 g·m-2·d-1。     

山西省草地资源及合理利用

对山西省草地的类型、产量、质量以及利用现状等方面进行了比较分析，证实山西省草地资源丰富而且质量较好．山西省草地可分为六个生态类群，按草地质量可分为五等，按草地产量可分为八级．目前，山西省草地的利用存在很多问题，如缺乏科学的经营管理，对草地进行掠夺式利用等，针对此现状，提出了草地资源合理利用的对策，应该采用草地建设新技术，实施科学管理．     

The CO2 Discharge in the Boundary Fault Areas of the Sichuan-Yunnan Block and Its Sources

A large number of CO2 springs outcrop along the boundary faults of the Sichuan-Yunnan block and in their neighboring areas.These springs are of a roughly similar distribution as the epicenters of strong earthquakes since 1900.This similarity indicates that the CO2 discharges could be directly related to the modern seismic activity in that area.The evidences of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes indicate that an overwhelming majority of the CO2 released from modern active faults is derived from the deep earth crust.There are 2 main mechanisms of CO2 discharge.Modern active faults are able both to produce directly a lot of CO2 due to thermodynamic metamorphism and to provide passages for the CO2 constituent coming from the lower crust or upper mantle.By continuously monitoring the dynamic changes of CO2 discharges,it would be possible to obtain the information of earthquake precursors that reflect the physical and chemical changes of the earthquake sources.     

Modern hot spring geochemistry at the Tanlu fault and Jiaoliao block in eastern China

The δD, δ¹⁸O values of the hot springs are always more negative than those of the local cold springs. The main cause for the ocrurrence is physically isotope fractionation during the deep circulating process of the groundwater. The relational expression between the δD, δ¹⁸O values and the maximum circulating depths of the groundwaters is given. The gases escaped from the geothermal fluid are mostly crust-derived gases in the studied area. The compressive structure of the Tanlu fault could extend to the deep crust, and basically stop the ascent of deep-seated gases towards the surface. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49373165)     

新疆全区和分区地壳速度模型的分析

首先分析了新疆地震台网长期使用的"3400走时表",并拟合得到了符合该走时表的速度结构模型。然后对新疆地区2009年1月~2013年12月间记录的所有地震震相数据进行了速度拟合,并对速度的可靠性和稳定性进行了模拟分析。提出了根据地震密集区域划分和建立分区地壳速度模型的概念。采用以2014年新疆于田MS7.3地震为中心、半径为1°范围内、自2009年1月以来所有地震事件的震相数据,拟合了适合于于田的地壳速度模型,该模型在于田MS7.3地震的精定位和地震序列的震源深度确定中得到了应用。     

腾冲火山区幔源岩浆气体上升过程中的变化及原因

腾冲热海地区幔源岩浆气体在向地表上升迁移过程中,气体化学组成呈现出有规律的变化,其原因是多方面的。从深部至浅部,He含量的迅速降低主要受控于物理学和动力学因素;H2S的逐渐减少和SO2的逐渐增加可能与过渡性地热流体储库氧化还原条件的变化有关;中、浅层气体中H2含量的增加与CH4的逐渐降低伴生,CO含量较深层气体更高,其原因可能与断裂的最新活动有关;地壳浅部气体和空气混入的影响不大。