土壤异养呼吸温度敏感性（Q10）的影响因子

首先对国内外土壤异养呼吸Q10的研究成果进行了全面的综合述评．影响土壤异养呼吸Q10的因子主要包括环境因子（主要是温度和湿度）、呼吸底物和土壤生物等．较多的研究表明土壤异养呼吸的Q10在低温时较高，高温时较低，但Q10也可随温度升高而增加，或随温度变化而保持稳定；通常土壤异养呼吸的Q10与土壤水分成正相关，但极端水分条件下（干旱胁迫或渍水）Q10较低；有限的研究表明呼吸底物和土壤生物对土壤异养呼吸Q10的影响还具有很大的不确定性；调控土壤异养呼吸Q10的机理目前还不清楚．然后从温度、水分、呼吸底物、土壤微生物对土壤异养呼吸Q10的影响等方面对影响土壤异养呼吸温度敏感性的原因进行了深入的探讨，并提出未来应重点开展的研究：（1）加强不同尺度土壤异养呼吸Q10的影响因子及调控机理研究；（2）扩大土壤异养呼吸Q10的野外研究；（3）扩大热带、亚热带土壤异养呼吸Q10的研究；（4）深入探讨呼吸底物有效性和土壤生物对土壤异养呼吸Q10的影响；（5）加强其他因子对土壤异养呼吸Q10影响的研究．     

Reservoir Characterization of McMurray Formation by 2D Geostatistical Modeling

There is a need to estimate reserve uncertainty for large lease areas. Detailed 3D models of heterogeneity are not necessarily required, but there is a need to integrate all available data into an in-situ reserve estimate with uncertainty. A 2D mapping approach is presented to appraise reserves accounting for multiple variables, multiple data sources, and uncertainty. The approach can be considered in three primary steps: (1) Bayesian updating is used to determine local distributions of uncertainty for each primary variable while integrating multiple secondary information, (2) matrix simulation is employed to jointly and simultaneously simulate multiple collocated variables to determine a derived variable such as OOIP, and (3) probability field simulation then is applied to permit joint simulation of multiple locations. This methodology permits local and global uncertainty assessment while integrating multiple sources of information. An application to the McMurray Formation in Alberta, Canada is demonstrated.     

Comparison between earthquake magnitudes determined by China seismograph network and US seismograph network （Ⅱ）： Surface wave magnitude

By using orthogonal regression method, a systematic comparison is made between surface wave magnitudes determined by Institute of Geophysics of China Earthquake Administration （IGCEA） and National Earthquake Information Center of US Geological Survey （USGS/NEIC） on the basis of observation data collected by the two institutions between 1983 and 2004. A formula is obtained which reveals the relationship between surface wave magnitudes determined by China seismograph network and US seismograph network. The result shows that, as different calculation formulae and observational instruments are used, surface wave magnitude determined by IGCEA is generally greater by 0.2 than that determined by NEIC： for M=3.5-4.5 earthquakes, it is greater by 0.3; for M=5.0-6.5 earthquakes, it is greater by 0.2; and for M≥7.0 earthquakes, it is greater by no more than 0.1.     

西太平洋副高活动指数的吸引子维数计算

基于NCEP／NCAR再分析资料计算出的西太平洋副高活动的三种特征指数，利用相空间重构方法对副高活动的三种特征指数的混沌特性和分数维进行了计算。计算结果表明，副高的短期活动存在混沌吸引子，副高脊线指数和面积指数动力系统的独立变量数目的上、下限分别为3和6，分析结果为副高动力系统的重构研究奠定了基础。     

河南省棉花气候适宜度变化趋势分析

结合前人的研究确立河南省棉花气候适宜度模型, 对所选46个站点1961—2000年的适宜度进行计算, 分析1961—2000年全省及各站点适宜度的变化趋势, 表明1981—2000年适宜度变化趋势显著。对1981—2000年各站点适宜度的变化趋势根据变化的方向和强度进行分类, 将河南省划分为适宜度强增长型、弱增长型、减弱型。分析结果表明:河南省棉花气候适宜度总体呈下降的变化趋势, 各地的变化趋势依据热量带和地形地貌的不同有明显的地域差异。结合各地1981—2000年的气候资料对各类型的气候适宜度变化原因进行了初步分析。     

Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the peralkaline Pine Canyon caldera, Trans-Pecos Texas, USA

The Pine Canyon caldera is a small (6–7 km diameter) ash-flow caldera that erupted peralkaline quartz trachyte, rhyolite, and high-silica rhyolite lavas and ash-flow tuffs about 33–32 Ma. The Pine Canyon caldera is located in Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA, in the southern part of the Trans-Pecos Magmatic Province (TPMP). The eruptive products of the Pine Canyon caldera are assigned to the South Rim Formation, which represents the silicic end member of a bimodal suite (with a “Daly Gap” between 57 and 62 wt.% SiO₂); the mafic end member consists primarily of alkali basalt to mugearite lavas of the 34–30 Ma Bee Mountain Basalt. Approximately 60–70% crystallization of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, olivine, magnetite, and apatite from alkali basalt coupled with assimilation of shale wall rock (M_a/M_c = 0.3–0.4) produced the quartz trachyte magma. Variation within the quartz trachyte–rhyolite suite was the result of 70% fractional crystallization of an assemblage dominated by alkali feldspar with subordinate clinopyroxene, fayalite, ilmenite, and apatite. High-silica rhyolite is not cogenetic with the quartz trachyte–rhyolite suite, and can be best explained as the result of  5% partial melting of a mafic granulite in the deep crust under the fluxing influence of fluorine. Variation within the high-silica rhyolite is most likely due to fractional crystallization of alkali feldspar, quartz, magnetite, biotite, and monazite. Lavas and tuffs of the South Rim Formation form A-type rhyolite suites, and are broadly similar to rock series described in anorogenic settings both in terms of petrology and petrogenesis. The Pine Canyon caldera is interpreted to have developed in a post-orogenic tectonic setting, or an early stage of continental rifting, and represents the earliest evidence for continental extension in the TPMP.     

A modified Richards equation, its adjoint, and a new perspective on land data assimilation

Summary Richards equation, which is the key relationship for addressing basic soil hydrological processes within the rhizosphere and constitutes the basis for multiple-layer soil hydrology models for meteorological studies, is modified to include two vegetation processes: the transpiration (daytime) and hydraulic lift (nighttime). The analytical form of the adjoint system is derived and can serve as the guideline for discrete forms, as implemented in a variety of multiple layer land surface models. The modified equation and its adjoint model may be used to address at least two types of inverse problems: estimation of the initial soil moisture contents from sparse observations of related quantities; and retrieval of critical soil/vegetation parameters with observations of soil moisture contents (or other related quantities) distributed over a certain period of time. The former may be of more interest for numerical weather prediction studies, whereas the latter may be more valuable for longer time integration of climate models.     

2005年世界和中国灾情和减灾盘点

2005年世界和中国灾害的一些指标明显超过2004年。在分析成因时,除了自然原因外,还存在人为因素。在抗击自然灾害中,世界各国协同救灾。2005年中国减灾的特色是重视突发性事件,政府重视预案、演练,群众的减灾意识有所提高。文章还分析了一些值得改进的地方。     

黄河的输沙量：过去、现在和将来——距今15万年以来的黄河泥沙收支表

黄河于150 ka BP切穿三门峡，东流入海。黄河泥沙90%来自黄土高原。黄土高原土地利用和植被的变化对黄河输沙有决定性的影响。15万年以来，黄河进入华北平原的泥沙约70 000×108 t，其中10 ka BP以前占80%。10 ka BP以后的输沙量中，最后1040年黄土高原滥垦时期占60%。黄河泥沙的归宿，建造华北大平原占73%，流入海洋占26%。现在，黄河每年流入北黄海的泥沙不足0.2×108  t，其输运主要受海洋环流系统的影响。现在黄海每年向东海输运悬浮沉积物0.2×108~0.3×108 t，主要为废黄河三角洲及水下三角洲受侵蚀再悬浮的黄河泥沙。1996—2000年黄河下游连年断流，利津站的年径流量和输沙量只有1950—1979年30年平均的19%左右。今后20~30年内，由于气候变暖、工业、城市等引黄水量增加，黄河的入海泥沙量仍将偏少。     

堤防工程风险评价体系研究

分析了堤防系统的层次性及模糊性,在此基础上建立了堤防工程风险评价系统指标体系和评价结构模型。结合FCT(Fuzzy Consistency Theorem)及AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process)定义了模糊一致空间,实现了基于模糊一致矩阵的权重反演。针对各典型护岸段,通过加固前江堤系统风险评价的结论,实现了护岸工程的风险等级划分,进而按照局部与整体加固两种情况完成了加固后江堤系统的风险评价。