1987—2017年海南岛海岸线变化特征遥感分析

利用海岸线、红树林和近海围塘养殖等多个遥感专题信息产品,从岸线年均变化速率、利用率和综合利用程度等方面综合分析了海南岛1987—2017年的海岸线变化特征,并通过典型岸线类型变化探讨了人类活动对海南岛海岸带资源的影响。分析发现：1）海岸线长度总体呈稳定增长趋势。由1987年的1 655 km增至2017年的1 890 km,其中自然岸线持续减少,人工岸线急剧增长。2）岸线类型多样性降低,倾向性明显;而岸线的利用程度不断提高,利用程度综合指数由1987年的237.34增加到2017年的285.03,人类活动对海岸线变迁的干扰作用越来越明显。3）陆海格局变化特征复杂,整体呈向海扩张的态势。多种人为因素共同作用是导致岸线不断变迁的主要原因,人工养殖塘的开发使红树林湿地遭到侵占,生物岸线减少,港口建设、近海人工岛建设等引起砂质岸线等自然岸线减少。     

分层分类和多指标结合的西北农牧交错带植被信息提取

参照《中国植被》中的植被分类体系,结合野外考察结果,建立了适合中国西北农牧交错带的植被分类体系。以覆盖研究区的多幅Landsat影像为基础,按“分层分类,逐层验证”的思路,实现了对研究区植被信息的提取。提取时,先利用完全约束的最小二乘模型对遥感影像进行混合像元分解方法,将整个研究区划分为植被区和非植被区;在植被区,基于光谱特征、纹理特征和地形特征,构建CART决策树,获得了乔木林、灌丛和草原等7种主要植被型组;在植被型组内,基于不同植被类型NDVI的季节差异特征,构建NDVI差值比值指数 (NDVI_DR),将乔木林和灌丛区分为常绿和落叶植被型,使用温度植被干旱指数(TVDI),将草原进一步区分为荒漠草原、典型草原和草甸草原3种类型,从而得到各个植被型的空间分布范围。经验证,最终分类的总体精度能达到79.51%,kappa系数为0.773。采用的分类方法充分利用了遥感数据既有的光谱信息和纹理信息,同时辅以地形信息。实践结果表明,分层分类和多种指标相结合的方法可以有效实现对影像跨幅的、以复杂镶嵌结构为主要特征的农牧交错带植被信息提取,精度较高,技术可行。     

Use of QSAR and SSD methods on deriving predicted no-effect concentrations in seawater and sediment for ten individual parent- and alkyl-PAHs and a case study on the assessment of their ecological risks from the Dalian Bay,China

Parent and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (alkyl-PAHs), which are a class of important toxic components of crude oil especially in the marine environment, exhibit adverse effects on aquatic life and potentially pose a human health risk. However, the lack of chronic toxicity data is one of the hindrances for alkyl-PAHs when assessing their ecological risks. In this study, predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) in seawater and marine sediment for ten parent- and alkyl-PAHs were derived by applying species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) and quantitative structure?activity relationships (QSARs). The local area, Dalian Bay, where an oil-spilled accident happened in 2010, was chosen as a case site to assess ecological risks for ten PAHs in surface seawaters and marine sediments. Their PNECs in seawater and sediment for protecting aquatic organisms in marine ecosystems were calculated and recommended in the range of 0.012?2.79 μg/L and 48.2?1337 ng/g (dry weight), respectively. Overall, the derived PNECs for the studied PAHs in seawater and marine sediment were comparable to those obtained by classical methods. Risk quotient results indicate low ecological risks to ecosystems for ten parent- and alkyl-PAHs in surface seawaters and surface sediments from the Dalian Bay. These findings provide a first insight into the PNECs and ecological risks of alkyl-PAHs, emphasizing the role of the computational toxicology in ecological risk assessments. The use of QSARs has been identified as a valuable tool for preliminarily assessing ecological risks of emerging pollutants, being more predictable of real exposure scenarios for risk assessment purposes.     

海岸带湿地研究中GIS应用的若干问题思考

建立海岸带湿地资源与环境信息系统,是对海岸带湿地实施科学管理、确保可持续发展的有效方法。本文讨论它的构建体系及基本思路;并提出在数据获取上借助RS及GPS技术,在数据建库技术上融入面向对象的数据结构组织模式,在传统的GIS分析手段上扩展空间分析的方法等设想,以利于维持系统的稳定和功能的发挥,为今后海岸带湿地的开发利用提供决策参考.     

Gravity modeling of the Muertos Trough and tectonic implications (north-eastern Caribbean)

The Muertos Trough in the northeast Caribbean has been interpreted as a subduction zone from seismicity, leading to infer a possible reversal subduction polarity. However, the distribution of the seismicity is very diffuse and makes definition of the plate geometry difficult. In addition, the compressive deformational features observed in the upper crust and sandbox kinematic modeling do not necessarily suggest a subduction process. We tested the hypothesized subduction of the Caribbean plate’s interior beneath the eastern Greater Antilles island arc using gravity modeling. Gravity models simulating a subduction process yield a regional mass deficit beneath the island arc independently of the geometry and depth of the subducted slab used in the models. This mass deficit results from sinking of the less dense Caribbean slab beneath the lithospheric mantle replacing denser mantle materials and suggests that there is not a subducted Caribbean plateau beneath the island arc. The geologically more realistic gravity model which would explain the N–S shortening observed in the upper crust requires an overthrusted Caribbean slab extending at least 60 km northward from the deformation front, a progressive increase in the thrusting angle from 8° to 30° reaching a maximum depth of 22 km beneath the insular slope. This new tectonic model for the Muertos Margin, defined as a retroarc thrusting, will help to assess the seismic and tsunami hazard in the region. The use of gravity modeling has provided targets for future wide-angle seismic surveys in the Muertos Margin.     

基于核磁共振的子空间量子过程重构

基于三核自旋量子系统实现了内嵌两量子位子空间量子过程重构.通过输入完备态集合对执行的量子过程进行了表征.由于量子过程内嵌于子空间,使得重构实验所需输入次数及时间显著减少,同时实验尽量避免使用时间较长的J偶合演化,有效控制了系统的退相干.     

非平衡磁控溅射双势阱静电波动及其共振耦合

非平衡磁控靶表面电场和磁场相互正交构成磁阱结构,磁控靶和与之平行的偏压基片之间形成了另一种势阱结构,等离子体静电波动在这两种势阱结构中形成耦合共振.采用Langmuir探针研究等离子体中参数和浮置电位信号的功率谱密度.典型放电条件下两种势阱结构中的本征频率分别约为30—50 kHz和10—20 kHz,两种势阱条件下根据声驻波共振模式计算的电子温度数值与实验结果相符合.     

铜陵凤凰山铜矿南区构造地球化学异常的确定与评价

凤凰山铜矿南区花岗闪长岩体与大理岩接触带附近的构造地球化学特征表明存在多个总体,即岩体、未受明显热液蚀变的大理岩和蚀变矿化大理岩,岩体与大理岩的Cu异常下限分别是562×10-6和51×10-6.构造地球化学Cu等值线上得到的贯穿岩体的大面积高值区只是一种虚假异常,实际上反映了岩体的高背景值.通过标准化处理后得到Cu的标准化参数S,以S=1.654(即总体累积概率95%)为异常下限,圈定了3个异常区,其中中部异常区沿外接触带分布长达近千米,宽数百米,具有蚀变、角砾岩化及方铅矿细脉等特征,是重要的找矿靶区.     

贵州省避暑旅游气象适宜性分析

参照避暑旅游气候适宜度评价方法,以体感温度确定的避暑旅游气象舒适度为正贡献指标,修正完善强降水、高温、大风、雷暴等负贡献的高影响天气指标,综合建立避暑旅游气象适宜度评价模型。选取2008—2017年6—8月地面气象要素观测资料,利用该避暑气象适宜度模型对贵州省县级以上城市避暑旅游适宜性进行分析。结果表明:贵州整体上是非常适宜夏季避暑旅游的,尤其是中西部地区,在夏季不同月份和盛夏关键旬,最佳旅游目的地略有变化。贵州北部、东部和南部的低海拔地区避暑旅游气象适宜度相对略低,地处武陵山脉和苗岭山脉的都匀、麻江等地适宜开展山岳型避暑旅游。铜仁市避暑旅游气象适宜度范围在-17~100,是贵州避暑旅游气象条件较逊色的城市。避暑旅游气象适宜度模型能较客观地反映气象条件对避暑旅游的影响。