黔西北地区土壤重金属地球化学背景及管理目标值

基于贵州省毕节地区1∶25万土地质量地球化学调查的1 308件深层土壤样品重金属含量数据,研究了土壤重金属含量分布及其地球化学背景特征,与全国土壤比较,黔西北土壤重金属地球化学背景值显著高于全国土壤元素背景值,但是,与我国西南地区土壤元素背景值接近。黔西北地区土壤重金属含量与地质背景关系密切,不同地质单元区土壤重金属含量存在显著差异,石炭系地层发育的土壤呈Pb、Zn地球化学高背景,二叠系中统风化形成的土壤呈Cd、Hg地球化学高背景,黔西北地区不仅存在土法炼锌造成的土壤重金属污染,土壤重金属地球化学高背景也是影响土壤重金属富集的重要因素。统计表明,黔西北地区二叠系中统风化土壤Cd管理目标值高于我国农用地土壤Cd风险管制值(2.0×10^-6),认为在确定黔西北地区土壤重金属管理目标时,应充分考虑不同地质单元区土壤重金属地球化学背景值差异及其生态环境效应的影响。     

新生代辉绿岩侵入对围岩物性的影响:以苏北盆地洋心次凹为例

传统观念认为岩浆活动区是油气勘探的禁区,但现今理论研究与实践勘探发现岩浆侵入作用能够显著改造围岩物性。目前岩浆侵入对围岩具体的影响认识不清,查明岩浆侵入影响围岩物性的机理对油气勘探具有重要意义。以苏北盆地洋心次凹的丰页1井为例,结合测井、地震及岩心等资料重点分析辉绿岩侵入对围岩储层物性与储集空间的改造,深入讨论其影响机制。苏北地区丰页1井的辉绿岩在吴堡运动期(约59 Ma)开始顺层侵入,侵入体中心相为辉长岩,侵入体边缘相为辉绿岩,变质相为板岩,上变质带厚度大于下变质带厚度。围岩由非渗透性泥岩转变为油气储层,储集空间为辉绿岩侵入和泥岩变质过程中产生的裂缝与孔隙。辉绿岩的侵入显著提高围岩储层物性,主要的机制有变质固结、热液破裂、冷凝收缩和溶蚀作用4种,其中热液破裂和溶蚀作用对储层的形成最为关键。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定铅锌矿中15个主次量元素

铅锌矿多元素同时测定中,样品预处理过程受多种不同因素的影响,单因素试验往往无法同时为多因素实验提供合理的优化方案。本文采用盐酸-硝酸溶矿,考察了样品预处理过程中混合酸配比、混合酸体积、消解时间及消解温度对消解效果的影响,利用正交试验设计及极差分析确定了最优消解条件:盐酸-硝酸混合酸配比3∶1,混合酸体积10 m L,消解时间120 min,消解温度90℃,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定铅锌矿中15个主次量元素(铅锌铜锰砷银铋镉钴镍镓铟钼锗锑)的含量。在最优条件下,用富铅锌矿石国家标准物质(GBW 07165)进行试验,大多数元素的精密度(RSD,n=12)和准确度小于5%,方法检出限为0.0019~0.048μg/g。基于铅锌矿主要是以硫化物形式存在,采用一系列硫化物国家标准物质验证方法的准确度及可行性,检测结果基本都在标准值的误差范围内。应用该方法分析湖南某矿区中大批量铅锌矿样品,标样质量统计合格率为100%,密码质量统计合格率大于97%。     

古亚洲构造域侵入岩时——空演化框架

长期以来,许多著名学者提出众多模型,讨论古亚洲构造域的构造演化和造山(带)结构样式。但是,认识上的分歧很大,特别是关于主洋盆的空间位置和闭合时间。本文主要基于中国侵入岩大地构造编图(1∶250万)和研究这个侧面,参与讨论。1侵入(岩)弧,碰撞和后造山岩石组合,随时间由西向东变新,同时,主构造带走向从近东西向转为近南北向,暗示古亚洲洋的闭合最终转化为太平洋构造域。2位于主洋盆北侧的是宽阔的西伯利亚克拉通南缘的沟——弧——盆系统;位于南侧的西面为南天山被动陆缘,中部为塔里木克拉通北缘的窄的沟——弧——盆系统,东面为华北克拉通北缘的活动陆缘。3主体侵入(岩)弧的内部分散地分布着从Pt3开始的残留弧和残留oφ,被看做是主体弧的基底。4传统上认为的构造相对稳定的"地块",本文基于它们的侵入(岩)组合归为残留弧,认为不是构造上相对稳定的性质,并未采用"地块"的术语,而把它们看作洋陆转换过程中早期残余岛弧处理。5提出主洋盆的识别有三个标志,(a)洋闭合最晚,(b)或为双向俯冲(当两侧均为活动大陆边缘时),或单向俯冲(当一侧为被动陆缘,另一侧为活动陆缘时),(c)长寿命的洋以及洋闭合带常常发育地中海式残余洋发育的陆——陆碰撞早阶段。6该构造域主要发育Pt3——T的侵入(岩)弧和oφ,支持S¨engor等关于大量新生陆壳的推测,亦与大量花岗岩类为εNd(t)"+"值符合。新生陆壳的形成又暗示,长时间的洋俯冲必导致地幔的冷却,以及大量榴辉岩进入地幔,最终导致高密度的地幔下降流形成,必导致洋的闭合与随后的陆——陆碰撞,形成最初的东亚大陆。     

金沙江流域降水和径流时空演变的非一致性分析

基于金沙江流域1966~2010年降水和径流资料,采用单变量Mann-Kendall(MK)趋势分析法、突变检验法和多变量MK法对金沙江流域近几十年来的降水和径流变化进行了非一致性分析。结果表明:金沙江流域年降水和年径流整体呈上升趋势,特别是从20世纪90年代之后增大趋势较为明显。其中金沙江流域中游以上区域的年降水通过显著性检验,上升趋势较为明显,而各个水文站点的年径流均未通过显著性检验,仅存在微弱的上升趋势。中游攀枝花站集水区域的面平均年降水趋势存在突变点,在1997年之后显著增加,而其年径流则不存在突变点,其他站点面平均年降水和年径流趋势都不存在突变。此外,中游龙街站集水区域的面平均年降水和年径流通过多变量MK显著性检验,表明龙街站降水和径流联合变量呈显著增加趋势。     

人体乳腺癌矿化的同步辐射研究

同步辐射具有常规光源不可比拟的优良性能,可用于微量生物矿化样品的物相、结构、形貌和成分研究。本文利用基于同步辐射光源的X射线粉末衍射(SR-XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(SR-FTIR)、X射线荧光分析(SR-XRF)和X射线三维成像,对人体乳腺癌矿化进行了表征。研究表明,乳腺癌矿化的主要矿物物相为碳羟磷灰石,含有Sr、Zn等微量元素,其中砂粒体矿化具有独特的分层结构。研究结果为乳腺癌的病理研究和诊断提供了矿物学参考信息。     

脑动脉粥样硬化斑块中钙化物矿物学特征研究

脑动脉钙化与脑动脉系统病变有密切联系。本文从矿物学角度出发,使用偏光显微镜(POM),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、显微红外光谱(micro-FTIR)、同步辐射微区X射线衍射(μ-SRXRD)以及同步辐射微区X射线荧光光谱(μ-SRXRF)对脑动脉粥样硬化斑块中的钙化样品进行了研究。结果表明,钙化主要有球状和块状两种集合体形态,球状钙化具有同心环状或同心放射状构造,直径约0.3~5μm;块状钙化中可见球状钙化被杂乱分布的柱状纳米晶体包裹。钙化主要矿物相为B型碳羟磷灰石(B-CHA),并含Na、Mg、Zn、Fe和Sr等元素,与主动脉钙化中的矿物组成类似。钙化在其形成初期呈分散的小球状,后期大量球体逐渐被CHA纳米晶体充填胶结形成了致密的块状钙化。     

An Analytical Solution for Mechanical Responses Induced by Temperature and Air Pressure in a Lined Rock Cavern for Underground Compressed Air Energy Storage

Mechanical responses induced by temperature and air pressure significantly affect the stability and durability of underground compressed air energy storage (CAES) in a lined rock cavern. An analytical solution for evaluating such responses is, thus, proposed in this paper. The lined cavern of interest consists of three layers, namely, a sealing layer, a concrete lining and the host rock. Governing equations for cavern temperature and air pressure, which involve heat transfer between the air and surrounding layers, are established first. Then, Laplace transform and superposition principle are applied to obtain the temperature around the lined cavern and the air pressure during the operational period. Afterwards, a thermo-elastic axisymmetrical model is used to analytically determine the stress and displacement variations induced by temperature and air pressure. The developments of temperature, displacement and stress during a typical operational cycle are discussed on the basis of the proposed approach. The approach is subsequently verified with a coupled compressed air and thermo-mechanical numerical simulation and by a previous study on temperature. Finally, the influence of temperature on total stress and displacement and the impact of the heat transfer coefficient are discussed. This paper shows that the temperature sharply fluctuates only on the sealing layer and the concrete lining. The resulting tensile hoop stresses on the sealing layer and concrete lining are considerably large in comparison with the initial air pressure. Moreover, temperature has a non-negligible effect on the lined cavern for underground compressed air storage. Meanwhile, temperature has a greater effect on hoop and longitudinal stress than on radial stress and displacement. In addition, the heat transfer coefficient affects the cavern stress to a higher degree than the displacement.     

Spalling Experiments on Large Hard Rock Specimens

Specimens of coarse-grained Äspö diorite were axially compressed to observe stress-induced spalling. The specimens had a novel design characterized by two manufactured large radius notches on opposite sides. The tangential stress occurring in the notches aimed to represent the tangential loading around a circular opening. Fracture stages were monitored by acoustic emission measurements. Rock chips were formed similar to those found in situ, which indicates a similar fracture process. Slabs were cut out from the specimens and impregnated using a fluorescent material to visualize the cracks. The cracks were subsequently examined by the naked eye and by means of microscopy images, from which fracture paths could be identified and related to different minerals and their crystallographic orientations. The microscopy analyses showed how the stress field and the microstructure interact. Parallel cracks were formed 2–4 mm below the surface, sub-parallel to the direction of the maximum principal stress. The crack initiation, the roles of minerals such as feldspar, biotite and quartz and their grain boundaries and crystallographic directions are thoroughly studied and discussed in this paper. Scale effects, which relate to the stress gradient and microstructure, are discussed.