黄河流域NDVI/土地利用对蒸散发时空变化的影响

基于蒸散发(ET)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)及土地利用数据利用M-K检验、Sen趋势分析等方法,研究2001-2015年黄河流域ET时空分布及不同植被覆盖/土地利用下的ET变化规律。结果表明:(1)黄河流域年均ET呈东南高西北低的空间分布格局,与植被覆盖和土地利用的关系具有较好的一致性;(2)黄河流域ET、NDVI均呈现波动式增长状态,土地利用除草地外其他类型面积均有增加,上中下游的变化具有明显差异;(3)流域大部分地区ET与植被呈正相关关系,植被变化是影响ET的主要因素之一;(4)黄河流域土地利用类型对ET的响应时空差异比较明显。     

陇中黄土高原区旱地春小麦产量对干旱胁迫响应的模拟研究

为进一步探明陇中黄土高原区旱地春小麦产量形成对不同干旱胁迫的响应机制,依据甘肃省定西市安定区凤翔镇安家沟村2016—2018年大田控水试验数据以及定西市安定区1971—2018年气象数据,验证农业生产系统模拟(Agricultural production systems simulation,APSIM)模型模拟不同干旱胁迫旱地春小麦产量及产量构成要素的适宜性,基于APSIM模型分析不同生育期、不同程度干旱胁迫对旱地春小麦籽粒数、千粒重和产量的影响,利用多元逐步回归方程确定陇中黄土高原区旱地春小麦最佳灌水时间和灌水量。结果表明:(1)APSIM模型模拟陇中黄土高原区旱地春小麦生育期、籽粒数、千粒重和产量的均方根误差(Root mean square error,RMSE)均小于3.67 d、300.52个·m^-2、2.56 g、267.43 kg·hm^-2,归一化均方根误差(Normalized root mean square error,NRMSE)均小于3.89%、2.86%、9.71%、11.58%,模型有效性指数(Model effectiveness index,ME)均大于0.62、0.78、0.60、0.66,表明APSIM模型对模拟干旱胁迫条件下陇中黄土高原区旱地春小麦产量形成具有较好的适应性。(2)不同生育期干旱胁迫下,拔节期干旱胁迫对小麦籽粒数影响最大,其次由大到小依次为出苗期、分蘖期、无胁迫、抽穗期、开花期和灌浆期;灌浆期干旱胁迫对小麦千粒重影响最大,其次由大到小依次为开花期、抽穗期、无胁迫、拔节期、出苗期和分蘖期;拔节期干旱胁迫对小麦产量影响最大,其次由大到小依次为灌浆期、抽穗期、开花期、出苗期、无胁迫和分蘖期。(3)不同程度干旱胁迫下,灌水量300.00 mm旱地春小麦产量最大为4866.19 kg·hm^-2,与其他4种灌水相比产量分别增加283.53%、39.65%、0.46%和15.58%。(4)出苗后第1 d、47 d、60 d、82 d、86 d灌水,且灌水量达到343.09 mm时,旱地春小麦产量最大为5578.91 kg·hm^-2。干旱胁迫发生时间和程度对研究区小麦产量形成具有明显的交互作用,分蘖期适度干旱胁迫有利于提高陇中黄土高原区旱地春小麦产量,而拔节期和灌浆期为旱地春小麦田间水分管理的关键生育期,小麦生长发育过程中应加强该生育期的水分管理以提高陇中黄土高原区粮食产量。     

柴达木盆地西北部长垄状雅丹沉积物地球化学元素组成及指示意义

雅丹沉积物蕴含丰富的区域环境变化和物源演变信息。以柴达木盆地西北部的长垄状雅丹为研究对象,通过对地球化学元素的研究,探讨沉积物的化学风化特征及其对物质输移的指示意义。结果表明：（1）雅丹沉积物的常量元素以SiO₂、CaO、Al₂O₃、MgO和Na₂O为主,微量元素Cl、Sr、Ba和Zr含量较高。相较于上陆壳平均化学元素组成,雅丹沉积物常量元素CaO和MgO富集程度较高,微量元素中Cl和As富集程度较高。（2）雅丹沉积物的CIA值平均为39.03,且在A-CN-K三角图上准平行于A-CN连线,主体在斜长石与钾长石连线的下方,因此雅丹沉积物的化学风化程度较低,处于初期的脱Na、Ca阶段。（3）特征元素比值表明雅丹体内赋存的大量细颗粒物质为廊道流沙的源区。细颗粒物质经过外营力的风化、剥蚀等过程而出露,在雅丹廊道内堆积并向下风向输移,遇阻堆积而形成沙丘。雅丹是否为下风向黄土的物源区,尚需进一步验证。     

广州长租公寓租赁意向的影响机制——基于计划行为理论的扎根研究

对21位有过广州长租公寓租赁经历的租客进行深度访谈,运用扎根理论研究方法对访谈资料进行逐级编码,基于计划行为理论分析框架构建了广州长租公寓租赁意向影响机制模型。研究表明：租客在长租公寓租赁过程中,其租赁行为会受到租赁意向的驱动,租赁意向受到租赁态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制的共同影响。租赁态度由住房情感需求、住房品牌偏好、住房功能需求产生的内生态度和租赁住房产生的风险判断、附加利益等外生态度共同构成;主观规范包括指令性规范和示范性规范,他人期待、住房租赁政策认知、社交媒体引导是指令性规范的重要组成部分,示范性规范主要指他人租赁;知觉行为控制则由自我效能和便利条件构成。     

Provenance and Tectonic Implications of Paleozoic Strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin,China–Revealed from the Borehole CSDP-2

Well CSDP-2 is a fully coring deep drilling hole, penetrating the thick Paleozoic marine strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin(SYSB) in the lower Yangtze Block(LYB). Based on the petrological and geochemical analysis of 40 sandstone samples from the core CSDP-2, the provenance and tectonic features of Paleozoic detrital rocks from SYSB are analyzed and systematically delineated in this article. The results show that the Silurian – Carboniferous sandstones are mature sublitharenite, while the Permian sandstones are unstable feldspathic litharenite. The average CIA(chemical index of alteration) is 74.61, which reflects these sediments were derived from source rocks with moderate chemical weathering. The REE(rare earth element) patterns are characterized by LREE enrichment, flat HREE and obviously negative Eu anomaly, which are similar to that of the upper continental crust. Dickinson QFL discrimination results indicate the recycled orogeny provenance. Various diagrams for the discrimination of sedimentary provenance based on major and trace element data show all the sediments were derived predominantly from quartz sedimentary rocks, of which the Permian strata contain more felsic sedimentary rocks. Geochemical data for these detrital rocks suggest they occur at the passive continental margin and island arc settings, and the Permian sandstone presents active continental margin setting.     

Ionospheric and receiver DCB-constrained multi-GNSS single-frequency PPP integrated with MEMS inertial measurements

Single-frequency precise point positioning (SF-PPP) is a potential precise positioning technique due to the advantages of the high accuracy in positioning after convergence and the low cost in operation. However, there are still challenges limiting its applications at present, such as the long convergence time, the low reliability, and the poor satellite availability and continuity in kinematic applications. In recent years, the achievements in the dual-frequency PPP have confirmed that its performance can be significantly enhanced by employing the slant ionospheric delay and receiver differential code bias (DCB) constraint model, and the multi-constellation Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) data. Accordingly, we introduce the slant ionospheric delay and receiver DCB constraint model, and the multi-GNSS data in SF-PPP modular together. In order to further overcome the drawbacks of SF-PPP in terms of reliability, continuity, and accuracy in the signal easily blocking environments, the inertial measurements are also adopted in this paper. Finally, we form a new approach to tightly integrate the multi-GNSS single-frequency observations and inertial measurements together to ameliorate the performance of the ionospheric delay and receiver DCB-constrained SF-PPP. In such model, the inter-system bias between each two GNSS systems, the inter-frequency bias between each two GLONASS frequencies, the hardware errors of the inertial sensors, the slant ionospheric delays of each user-satellite pair, and the receiver DCB are estimated together with other parameters in a unique Kalman filter. To demonstrate its performance, the multi-GNSS and low-cost inertial data from a land-borne experiment are analyzed. The results indicate that visible positioning improvements in terms of accuracy, continuity, and reliability can be achieved in both open-sky and complex conditions while using the proposed model in this study compared to the conventional GPS SF-PPP.     

2015年汛期我国南方季节内东西反相旱涝型及环流特征

本文利用站点数据、再分析数据,采用经验正交函数分解(EOF)、合成分析等统计方法,探讨了2015年汛期(4—9月)内我国南方逐候降水的空间模态及其对应的环流特征。结果表明:2015年汛期,南方地区汛期总体表现为东西反向降水型,体现了强El Nino发展年的一般特征,但进一步分析发现汛期内候尺度东西反向降水型具有多样性特征。对候尺度降水资料EOF展开后的第一模态(EOF1)和第三模态(EOF3)为两类东西反相型降水,在对流层高、中、低层都有明显的差异。EOF1东多西少(A1)型是由低层菲律宾反气旋主导的降水型,副热带高压偏强西伸显著,南亚高压偏强偏东,我国南方东部的大部分地区降水偏多。而EOF3的东多西少(A2)型是由热带气旋活动主导的降水型,南海北部为气旋式环流;副热带高压偏强,相对于A1型偏东;南亚高压较常年同期偏强、偏东,东南沿海降水偏多。EOF1的东少西多(B1)型明显受到南下冷空气活动的影响,副热带高压偏强,位置相对偏东,印缅槽增强,有利于南方西部降水偏多。而EOF3的东少西多(B2)型是菲律宾反气旋位置异常主导的结果,副热带高压明显偏强偏西,引导水汽到南方西部地区。2015年汛期内东西反相旱涝型与菲律宾反气旋活动及位置、热带气旋活动及位置、冷空气活动路径有密切的关系,受到多种环流配置的影响。     

济南市区短时强降水特征分析与天气分型

利用2007—2015年济南市区及历城区自动气象观测站的逐小时降水量资料,以及常规高空、地面观测资料,统计了198次短时强降水过程的范围和强度特征,年际、月际变化特征,按照短时强降水发生时的天气形势和影响系统,分为切变线型、低槽冷锋型、西风槽型、冷涡型、台风外围型及无系统型6类,并分析了不同类型和不同范围短时强降水的关键环境参量。研究表明：短时强降水的强度与范围有较好的相关性,7月中旬—8月中旬出现强降水的次数最多;切变线型短时强降水发生范围与强度分布最广,7、8月的低槽冷锋型过程极易造成大范围高强度降水;地面露点（Td）、850 hPa假相当位温（θse）、对流有效位能（CAPE）以及暖云层厚度能较好地区分不同范围的短时强降水过程。在天气分型的基础上,结合不同降水范围和不同降水类型环境参量箱线图与阈值表,可为济南市区短时强降水的预报提供有价值的参考。 