甘孜州色达县典型牵引式滑坡地质灾害形成机理分析--以甘孜州甲学乡甲热滑坡为例

甲热滑坡位于甘孜州色达县甲学乡境内,属于典型的牵引式滑坡,滑坡体平均坡度约35°,主要由碎石土组成,滑坡长约195 m,宽约280 m,平均厚约15 m,滑坡体总方量约60万m3,属中型滑坡。滑坡坡体中上部变形现象较明显,若发生滑动,将直接威胁当地41户160人居民的生命财产安全。本文在进行野外现场基础地质调查后,对滑坡体的变形破坏机制进行了定性分析,并利用三位有限元数值模拟进行了定量分析,对以后研究同类滑坡的稳定性具有重要意义。     

Trace fossils of an amalgamated storm-bed succession from the Jurassic of the Kachchh Basin,India:The significance of time-averaging in ichnology

The uppermost part of the Upper Bathonian Sponge Limestone member, Patcham Formation, of the Jhura Dome of Kachchh Mainland is a thickening-and shallowing-upward succession topped by medium-to thick-bedded hummocky cross-stratified grainstones deposited by storm waves. Occasionally, thin, commonly lenticular, intraclastic-bioclastic silty marl intercalations between the grainstones are highly bioturbated, in contrast to the grainstones, in which, for the most part, trace fossils occur scattered. Large exposures of bedding planes of the grainstones allow the detailed investigation of ichnological features, whereas the high density of traces in the soft marls precludes the identification of any ichnotaxa. Eighteen ichnotaxa have been recorded including Ophiomorpha, Thalassinoides, Taenidium, Gyrophyllites, Chondrites, Dactyloidites, Teichichnus, Bolonia, and Ancorichnus. Except for Ophiomorpha nodosa and Thalassinoides, which generally indicate moderate to high energy conditions and are the dwelling burrows of suspension-feeding to omnivorous crustaceans, the ichnotaxa represent a deposit-feeding behaviour of their producers and thus are characteristic of low-energy environments. The trace fossils form three ichnoassemblages characterized by(1) Ophiomorpha nodosa and Thalassinoides suevicus,(2)?Thalassinoides isp. A, Taenidium, and Bolonia lata,and(3) Ancorichnus. The dominance of traces of deposit-feeders in rocks indicative of high-energy events is counterintuitive and points to their non-contemporaneity. The sediments were deposited during brief highenergy events, whereas the trace fossils were produced when, after waning of storms low-energy conditions prevailed. This time-averaging is particularly pronounced in trace fossils that extend vertically downwards and may reach strata deposited under distinctly different conditions. Thus, environmental interpretations based on trace fossils should refer to colonisation surfaces rather than to the sediment surrounding the trace fossils. In the latter case, interpretations may be erroneous, especially when erosion subsequently destroyed sedimentary evidence of their original environment.     

塔里木盆地塔中II区奥陶系油气差异性分布及其主控因素分析

为探求塔里木盆地塔中II区奥陶系油气水分布规律,对现有勘探成果及断裂、不整合面、构造背景进行分析,应用常规测井、地震及地化等多种方法开展研究。结果表明:塔中II区奥陶系油气分布在平面上呈现出"马鞍状"三分特征,东部塔中I号坡折带、西部塔中10号断裂带多分布气油比、干燥系数、硫化氢含量、含蜡量相对较高、密度相对较低的凝析气藏,两构造带之间的过渡带以挥发性油藏或油藏分布为主;油气在纵向上主要分布于层间不整合面以下300 m范围内。综合分析认为,不整合面纵向上控制了储层、油气藏的主体发育层位,平面上通过差异溶蚀作用造成的储层非均质性控制了油气的主要分布范围;断裂对储层物性具有明显的改善作用,形成有效的输导通道,控制了油气的充注强度及油气藏类型;斜坡背景上的局部构造高点控制了油气的差异分布,越靠近高点,油气越易富集。     

花岗岩定量分类方法及与成矿空间相关关系分析 ——甘肃省西秦岭地区为例

以Q型系统聚类分析(以组内连接为聚类方法,相关性为计算模型)和判别分析交替使用的方法,对甘肃省西秦岭地区花岗岩样本中的11个氧化物测试数据进行定量处理,构建起"甘肃省西秦岭地区花岗岩(氧化物)定量分类系列模型",将西秦岭地区花岗岩分为3大类共8小类。分类结果偏重于找矿分类,依据其与西秦岭地区铜矿、铅锌矿、金矿等依据空间关系(距离岩体3 km以内),寻找"成矿相关岩体",确定找矿靶区。     

矿山采动垮塌机理及隐患结构探查

为了实现地下矿山采动垮塌区域边缘矿体的安全回采,首先采用数值模拟方法进行采动垮塌机理研究,确定垮塌区域大致范围,然后在垮塌区边缘矿体内部掘进巷道对隐患结构进行超前探测,进一步探明隐患结构分布情况,最后通过钻探对数值模拟和超前探测结果进行验证并注浆加固.研究表明:采空区两帮为充填体、上部为矿体时,其采动垮塌破坏机理可以概括为"两帮下部三角形平动-两帮上部圆弧形转动-顶板楔形垮塌-两侧采场条形滑移-上部采场整体下沉".通过对数值模拟、超前探测和钻孔验证的综合运用,可以实现对垮塌区域隐患结构的精确探查和控制.     

中国海洋的珊瑚-珊瑚礁: 南海中央区珊瑚-珊瑚礁生物多样性特征

珊瑚是地球上最古老的原住民,具有近6×108年的发育史,弱势群居、喜温和原地长成是珊瑚的基本特征。作者介绍了珊瑚-珊瑚礁的基本特征,综述了跨十年调查的研究区珍贵照片资料和相关认识,指出中国是全球主要的珊瑚-珊瑚礁国家,地位举足轻重;珊瑚-珊瑚礁作为地球生物多样性的代表,造岛、固礁、护鱼、防护岛岸流失,形成南海四大群岛280余座岛、礁、滩、沙,所构建庞大海洋生态系统是无与伦比的海洋生态资源和寸土寸金的南海海洋国土。提出划分南海珊瑚-珊瑚礁为中央区和周缘区2个分布区,阐述了南海中央区珊瑚-珊瑚礁的基本特征,系统汇集报道了间隔10年2个科考航次调查在浅水礁盘浮潜、至20 m水深浅潜-深潜和礁盘及开展岛、礁、滩、沙地质调查的发现,包括科学定名46种六放石珊瑚和6种八放软珊瑚等成果,同时,收集了西沙、中沙、东沙和南沙群岛海域的相关调查航次珊瑚照片;进一步阐述了单体环礁和复合环礁的特征及分布,并进行了初步对比,指出永乐环礁是南海唯一一个真正的切合达尔文模式的环礁,也是环礁发展到最高阶段的产物,构成现代海洋珊瑚-珊瑚礁形成演化研究最好的天然实验室。     

青藏高原南缘某机场场区深厚覆盖层工程地质特征

青藏高原南缘某拟建机场场区发育第四系深厚覆盖层,对该工程建设具有较大的制约作用。钻孔资料显示,该深厚覆盖层普遍分布于整个场区,厚度均在30m以上,最大孔深105m仍未揭穿。纵向上深厚覆盖层由上而下可划分为4层:全新世泥石流堆积层(Q₄sef)、全新世冲洪积堆积层(Q₄al+pl)、全新世湖相堆积层(Q₄l)和晚更新世冲洪积堆积层(Q₃al+pl)。其中:泥石流主要由角砾和碎石组成,最大厚度约13m,分布于研究场区西侧;全新世冲洪积层组成物质复杂,以粉细砂和圆砾居多,无明显分层规律,最大厚度约7m;湖相沉积粉质黏土呈可塑-流塑状,局部夹含砂,最大厚度约43m;晚更新世冲洪积层以细砂和中粗砂为主,局部夹有卵砾石,厚度大于42m。分析表明,深层覆盖层成因与晚更新世以来喜马拉雅快速隆升及间冰期气候密切相关,而表层覆盖层与全新世以来青藏高原气候回暖及短期冷暖交替气候密切相关。试验揭示深厚覆盖层物理力学性质差异明显,研究场区存在不均匀沉降、渗漏破坏、边坡稳定性及冻融诱发地基破坏等主要工程地质问题。     

Structural and tectonothermal evolution of the ultrahigh-temperature Bakhuis Granulite Belt,Guiana Shield,Surinam:Palaeoproterozoic to recent

We constrain the multistage tectonic evolution of the Palaeoproterozoic UHT metamorphic(P=0.9–1.0 GPa,T>1000℃,t=2088–2031 Ma)Bakhuis Granulite Belt(BGB)in Surinam on the Guiana Shield,using large-to small-scale structures,Al-in-hornblende thermobarometry and published fluid inclusion and zircon geochronological data.The BGB forms a narrow,NE–SW striking belt between two formerly connected,~E–W oriented granite-greenstone belts,formed between converging Amazonian and West African continental masses prior to collision and Transamazonian orogeny.Inherited detrital zircon in BGB metasediments conforms agewise to Birimian zircon of West Africa and suggests derivation from the subsequently subducted African passive margin.Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism may have followed slab break-off and asthenospheric heat advection.Peak metamorphic structures result from layer-parallel shearing and folding,reflecting initial transtensional exhumation of the subducted African margin after slab break-off.A second HT event involves intrusion,at ca.0.49 GPa,of charnockites and metagabbros at 1993–1984 Ma and a layered anorthosite at 1980 Ma,after the BGB had already cooled to<400℃.The event is related to northward subduction under the greenstone belts,along a new active margin to their south.A pronounced syntaxial bend in the new margin points northward towards the BGB and is likely the result of indentation by an anticlinorial flexural bulge of the subducting plate.Tearing of the subducting oceanic plate along this bulge explains why the charnockites are restricted to the BGB.The BGB subsequently experienced doming under an extensional detachment exposed in its southwestern border zone.Exhumation was focused in the BGB as a result of the flexural bulge in the subducting plate and localised heating of the overriding plate by charnockite magmatism.The present,straight NE–SW long-side boundaries of the BGB are superimposed mylonite zones,overprinted by pseudotachylites,previously dated at ca.1200 Ma and 950 Ma,respectively.The 1200 Ma mylonites reflect transpressional popping-up of the BGB,caused by EW-directed intraplate principal compressive stresses from Grenvillian collision preserved under the eastern Andes.Further exhumation of the BGB involved the 950 Ma pseudotachylite decorated faulting,and Phanerozoic faulting along reactivated Meso-and Neoproterozoic lineaments.     

太湖蓝藻水华形成的适宜气象指标

根据2005—2017年卫星遥感反演的太湖蓝藻水华信息,利用区域气象观测数据分析各类气象因子对太湖蓝藻深水华形成的影响,结果表明:①在日平均气温为0～35℃区间内会出现蓝藻聚集现象,其中最适宜气温区间为15.1～35℃,该区间内累计出现蓝藻水华的面积占比达90%、出现大面积蓝藻水华占比达93%;②在卫星观测到蓝藻前6h,平均风速为0.2～4.8m/s区间内能观测到蓝藻水华,其中最适宜的平均风速区间为0.5～3.4m/s,该区间内蓝藻水华累计出现次数占比达94.7%,大面积蓝藻水华主要出现在平均风速2.0m/s的情况下,占比89%;③降水总体上呈负效应,但在观测到有大面积蓝藻水华的情况下,前24h有小雨(10mm)的情形与总降水次数之比达88%,说明小雨的适度扰动有利于形成大面积蓝藻水华;④日照充足有利于蓝藻生长,但并非蓝藻水华形成的必要条件。在此基础上建立的多元回归综合气象指数模型,拟合结果较好,通过了0.001的显著性检验。     

天气、气候影响评述

重要天气过程概述1大雾过程2019年1—3月,江西省区域性大雾(15站以上)共出现31d ,较历史同期显著偏多。全省单日出现40站以上大雾有7d(表1);连续3 d以上出现大雾4次,分别是2月5—7日、24—27日、3月6— 13日、28—31日。