Environmental geochemistry:Introduction

Assessing the physical,geographic,chemical,and geological aspects are important to understand environmental impacts as well as health concerns in view of building a more sustainable planet with circular economies that would last for the foreseeable future.In the recent years,the significance of incorporating ecosystem,anthropogenic activities,and climate has fortified from being an academic concern(e.g.,WEF,2011)into a broadly societal concern as the forecasted realities of environmental deterioration and global climate change come to pass.     

山东沂源九天洞洞穴环境变化监测分析

为改善九天洞洞穴环境质量及保护洞穴景观提供科学依据,2006年5月1—5日和2006年7月28—30日曾两度对该洞的洞穴空气温度、湿度、CO2浓度和游客量的变化进行实地监测。结果表明,九天洞CO2浓度受游客数量影响,具有明显累积效应,其中灵霄玉塔（测点11）CO2浓度最高,日平均值为11250ppm;CO2浓度之高,国内外颇为罕见;而洞穴温度兼受洞穴滴水及洞穴形态的影响,具有一定的变化幅度;洞穴湿度除了受天气影响外,游客呼吸对封闭洞段湿度增大也有一定的贡献作用。      

Impact of the Phaeocystis globosa spring bloom on the intertidal benthic compartment in the eastern English Channel: a synthesis

From 1999 to 2005, studies carried out in the frame of regional and national French programs aimed to determine whether the Phaeocystisglobosa bloom affected the intertidal benthic communities of the French coast of the eastern English Channel in terms of composition and/or functioning. Study sites were chosen to cover most of the typical shore types encountered on this coast (a rocky shore, an exposed sandy beach and a small estuary). Both the presence of active Phaeocystis cells and their degradation product (foam) did have a significant impact on the studied shores. The primary production and growth rates of the kelp Saccharina latissima decreased during the bloom because of a shortage of light and nutrient for the macroalgae. On sandy sediments, the benthic metabolism (community respiration and community primary production), as well as the nitrification rate, were enhanced during foam deposits, in relation with the presence of bacteria and active pelagic cells within the decaying colonies. In estuarine sediments, the most impressive impact was the formation of a crust at the sediment surface due to drying foam. This led to anoxic conditions in the surface sediment and resulted in a high mortality among the benthic community. Some organisms also tended to migrate upward and were then directly accessible to the higher trophic level represented by birds. Phaeocystis then created a shortcut in the estuarine trophic network. Most of these modifications lasted shortly and all the systems considered came back to their regular properties and activities a few weeks after the end of the bloom, except for the most impacted estuarine area.     

结合天然地震推导水库地震的建筑物易损性

通过类比的方法,选择有现场调查资料并有建筑物破坏比结果的天然地震,基于地震中建筑物震害表现的一致性,以震级、震源深度和极震区烈度为标准,聚类得到与水库地震震害相似的天然地震震例。考虑到宏观经济水平与地震经济损失已有的统计模型,采用了人口密度、人均GDP和三产比例等3个宏观经济指标来反映不同地区的建筑物总体抗震水平,以加权海明(Hamming)距离来定义已知矩阵与目标矩阵的近似度,最终的加权结果即为待求地区的易损性矩阵。通过实际检验,所得的建筑物易损性关系能够反映水库地震的破坏特点,较中强天然地震的易损性要高。这种工作思路也可以用于水库地震其它方面的研究中     

面向对象遥感分类方法在汶川地震震害提取中的应用

震后城市建筑物震害的自动识别与分类, 是遥感震害调查中的关键步骤, 其精度直接影响损失评估的结果. 而随着高分辨率遥感影像的发展, 传统基于像元的分类技术已不能满足需求, 引入面向对象的信息提取技术, 充分挖掘影像对象的纹理、形状和相互关系等信息, 能够有效的提高震害的分类精度. 该文阐述了面向对象的遥感震害提取思路和方法, 并应用汶川地震震后高分辨率航空遥感数据, 针对建筑物震害进行面向对象的快速提取与自动分类. 结果表明, 与基于像元分类比较, 面向对象的建筑物震害分类能够显著改善分类效果.     

Key features of artificial aquifers for use in modeling contaminant transport

Two large-scale (9.5 m long, 4.7 m wide, 2.6 m deep), three-dimensional artificial aquifers were constructed to investigate the influence of spatial variations in aquifer properties on contaminant transport. One aquifer was uniformly filled with coarse sand media (0.6 to 2.0 mm) and the other was constructed as a heterogeneous aquifer using blocks of fine, medium, and coarse sands. The key features of these artificial aquifers are described. An innovative deaeration tower was constructed to overcome a problem of the aquifers becoming blocked with excess air from the ground water source. A series of tracer injection experiments were conducted to test the homogeneity of the first aquifer that was purposely built as a homogeneous aquifer and to calculate values of aquifer parameters. Experimental data show that the aquifer is slightly heterogeneous, and hydraulic conductivity values are significantly higher down one side of the aquifer compared to the mean value. There was very good agreement in estimated dispersivity values between the plume area ratio methods and the curve fitting of tracer breakthrough curves. Dispersivity estimates from a full areal source injection (12.2 m2) experiment using a 1D analytical model were higher than estimates from a limited source injection (0.2 m2) experiment using a 3D model, possibly because the 1D model does not take account of the heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity in the aquifer, thus overestimating dispersivity. Transverse and vertical dispersivity values were about five times less than the longitudinal dispersivity. There was slight sorption of Rhodamine WT onto the aquifer media.     

Tracing ground water input to base flow using sulfate (S, O) isotopes

Sulfate (S and O) isotopes used in conjunction with sulfate concentration provide a tracer for ground water contributions to base flow. They are particularly useful in areas where rock sources of contrasting S isotope character are juxtaposed, where water chemistry or H and O isotopes fail to distinguish water sources, and in arid areas where rain water contributions to base flow are minimal. Sonoita Creek basin in southern Arizona, where evaporite and igneous sources of sulfur are commonly juxtaposed, serves as an example. Base flow in Sonoita Creek is a mixture of three ground water sources: A, basin ground water with sulfate resembling that from Permian evaporite; B, ground water from the Patagonia Mountains; and C, ground water associated with Temporal Gulch. B and C contain sulfate like that of acid rock drainage in the region but differ in sulfate content. Source A contributes 50% to 70%, with the remainder equally divided between B and C during the base flow seasons. The proportion of B generally increases downstream. The proportion of A is greatest under drought conditions.     

Nutrient budgets for European seas: a measure of the effectiveness of nutrient reduction policies

Socio-economic development in Europe has exerted increasing pressure on the marine environment. Eutrophication, caused by nutrient enrichment, is evident in regions of all European seas. Its severity varies but has, in places, adversely impacted socio-economic activities. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of recently adopted policies to reduce anthropogenic nutrient inputs to European seas. Nitrogen and phosphorus budgets were constructed for three different periods (prior to severe eutrophication, during severe eutrophication and contemporary) to capture changes in the relative importance of different nutrient sources in four European seas suffering from eutrophication (Baltic Proper, coastal North Sea, Northern Adriatic and North-Western Black Sea Shelf). Policy success is evident for point sources, notably for P in the Baltic and North Seas, but reduction of diffuse sources has been more problematic.     

Demeter微型卫星及其地面应用系统

Demeter计划是1997年以来由CNES(法国空间中心)进行的Myriade微型卫星计划的第一次应用。Myriade的目标是在有限的经济预算中,从技术的微型化中获益。这些技术的目的是研发一种小型、轻型且低成本的产品,但能够完成不同领域的科学任务、示范或者应用等,如:地球观测、天文、基础物理或电信等。Demeter卫星于2004年6月29日装载在Dnepr发射器上从拜科努尔发射至710km高的太阳同步卫星轨道上。它的主要科学目标是:探测并且找出电离层电磁异常与地震活动之间的相关性和特征。科学荷载由关注地球物理学的法国科研机构(LPCE,CESR,CETP)及欧空局的SSD/ESTEC(ESA)提供。有效荷载包括几个电磁传感器,一个离子分光计,一个高能粒子分析器和一个朗缪尔探针。设计的Demeter平台是为了在能量、姿态和轨道控制、数据存储和传输,以及适应性等方面提供高性能的平台。例如,大量的科学数据通过高速率的X波段遥测链路传输到地面接收站。本文描述了Demeter卫星及其地面应用系统。重点放在了Myriade产品应用到De-meter的特殊设计调整上,并且展示了轨道平台的初步成果。     

地面和卫星接收的甚低频信号揭示的可能地震——电离层扰动

给出了俄罗斯彼得罗巴甫洛夫斯克观测站接收的3种甚低频／低频信号和法国DEMETER卫星接收台收集的一种甚低频信号的监测结果。研究了2004年11～12月、2005年7～9月期间在日本一堪察加地区发生的2个地震活动期,考虑了位于该地区内3条无线电波路径的第三菲涅耳区里一个或多个区内的M≥6．0地震。用振相dP或振幅dA的残差信号分析地面数据,其中dP和dA定义为观测信号与震前或紧随震后几个静日（±5天）的平均值的差值。同样卫星数据也用基于真实数据与参考数据之间差异的方法来处理。为了得到这种信号,必须在选定区域预先建立信号分布模型。这个方法包括：（a）不考虑全球性扰动,特别是地磁活动性,在具有低地震活动性的一个时段内,计算在相关区域所有可得数据的平均值。（b）计算参考面作为经度和纬度的函数多项式表达式。这个模型很好地描述了完全情况下和没有地震与磁暴活动时的真实数据。在选取的地震活动性周期内,地面与卫星数据二者都显示出了明显的异常。当然这种异常不能排除地磁活动的影响,但似乎地震力的可能性更大些。