华北东北部裂陷盆地与燕山隆起地壳结构

天津—北京—赤城深地震测深剖面采用密集炮点和接收点距设计构成了较为完整的观测系统,利用该剖面地震测深资料研究华北东部裂陷盆地与燕山隆起地壳结构及构造耦合.结合该区域已有研究成果,进一步分析了张渤地震带东段的地震构造环境.结果显示,华北克拉通东部裂陷盆地结晶基底构造形态和界面结构性质与新生代以来的地壳构造运动密切相关,北侧燕山隆起区高速稳定和南侧裂陷盆地低速松散截然不同的地壳结构,使宝坻－桐柏、宁河－昌黎断裂构造分区线和燕山隆起之间的中间过渡带为张渤地震带东部平原区地震的孕发提供了良好的构造环境.     

利用接收函数研究青藏高原东南缘的地壳上地幔结构

本文使用位于青藏高原东南缘的25个地震台站的远震数据,采用P波和S波接收函数的方法研究了台站下方的Moho深度、泊松比以及地幔过渡带的厚度.计算结果表明：① 青藏高原东南缘的地壳厚度由松潘—甘孜地体和羌塘地体的约60 km,向邻区的印支地体以及扬子板块分别减薄为约38 km和约42 km; ② 羌塘地体的泊松比主要集中范围为0.25～0.28,地壳物质组分主要为中基性岩石,推测与下地壳镁铁质成分的增加有关.松潘—甘孜块体、印支块体和扬子板块的泊松比为0.25～0.26,主要为中酸性岩石组分.缺乏高的泊松比(≥0.30)分布表明青藏高原东南缘的地壳不存在广泛的部分熔融,但是不排除局部部分熔融的存在;③ 青藏高原东南缘的羌塘地体内存在一个比较明显的、异常变化范围为10～26 km的地幔过渡带增厚区域,其对应着地幔过渡带内100℃～260℃的温度降低,可以推断与此异常区域的地幔过渡带内存在俯冲的板块有关.     

辽西地区中生代岩石圈结构与演化的有限元模拟

利用大型通用有限元分析软件ANSYS简单模拟辽西地区中生代末期岩石圈动力学演化过程。为了与现今实际地质观测一致,我们分两步模拟了辽西中生代岩石圈的动力学演化。第一阶段,中国东部显著的地幔上升热柱导致本研究区壳-幔边界上升,岩石圈减薄,同时伴有少量断层发育;第二阶段,地幔热柱上涌活动逐渐减弱,地表产生沉降。这一地质模型可重塑与现代观测一致的裂谷沉降、裂谷侧翼地形、壳-幔边界隆升。研究结果表明：ANSYS软件及有限元方法在岩石圈动力学数值模拟领域是一个非常有效的分析工具,具有非常广阔的应用前景。今后将建立与实际情况更吻合的岩石圈结构模型,真正动态地实现辽西中生代盆地区岩石圈结构的演化过程模拟。     

接收函数方法的研究综述

从远震体波波形数据中提取的P波接收函数和S波接收函数已经成为研究台站下方地壳上地幔速度间断面的最有效的方法之一.P波接收函数已经被广泛应用于获取地壳内部S波速度结构、地壳厚度及物质成分组成、地幔过渡带的厚度变化以及岩石圈地幔的间断面等,而S波接收函数是P波接收函数的一个很好的补充,因为在Moho和地幔过渡带之间的深度范围内,Sp转换波比来自浅部间断面的多次波到达早,而在P波接收函数中,相同深度范围的间断面的Ps转换波往往被来自浅部间断面的多次波干扰或者淹没,因此S波接收函数是目前获取岩石圈地幔深度范围内速度间断面结构(如Moho和LAB)的比较有效的方法,比面波观测具有更高的分辨率.本文详细阐述了P波接收函数和S波接收函数的方法原理以及在地壳上地幔速度间断面的研究中所采用的研究思路.     

Use of multimetric indices to classify estuaries with different hydromorphological characteristics and different levels of human pressure

The assessment of estuaries based on benthic communities is widely used to determine impacts caused by human pressure and is one of the required tools for the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Our study compared multimetric approaches (B-IBI and TICOR) to assess the benthic condition of three Portuguese estuaries (Mondego, Tejo, and Mira rivers) with different levels of natural and human induced stress. Benthic community condition was classified into quality status categories of the WFD and compared for consistency with a priori status categories based upon physical-chemical criteria. Both multimetric indices discriminated equally well between locations classified above or below the good status category but were unable to provide good separation between other quality classes (high/good, moderate, poor/bad). Metrics included in these indices are greatly affected by natural stress and we recommend the development of habitat-specific thresholds to increase the discriminatory ability of any benthic condition index.     

Sonication of bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton: Application to treatment of ballast water

We investigated the effect of high power ultrasound, at a frequency of 19 kHz, on the survival of bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton, in order to obtain estimates of effective exposure times and energy densities that could be applied to design of ultrasonic treatment systems for ballast water. Efficacy of ultrasonic treatment varied with the size of the test organism. Zooplankton required only 3-9s of exposure time and 6-19 J/mL of ultrasonic energy to realize a 90% reduction in survival. In contrast, decimal reduction times for bacteria and phytoplankton ranged from 1 to 22 min, and decimal reduction energy densities from 31 to 1240 J/mL. Our results suggest that stand-alone ultrasonic treatment systems for ballast water, operating at 19-20 kHz, may be effective for planktonic organisms >100 microm in size, but smaller planktonic organisms such as phytoplankton and bacteria will require treatment by an additional or alternative system.     

天山与阴山─燕山造山带的深部结构和地震

天山与阴山-燕山是中国北部两个重要山系,它们几乎位于同一纬度。天山造山带是一个著名的地震活动带,而阴山-燕山断隆带历史上不但没有大地震发生,小地震也不多见,是一个地震空白区。这两个造山带地震活动性的差异与它们在时、空域中的构造环境相联系：中国的西部处于强烈的挤压环境,而东部为一伸展与走滑环境。天山造山带是中、新生代造山带,目前构造活动水平较高;而阴山-燕山造山带新生代以来已经成为东北稳定块体的一部分,其构造活动的鼎盛期已经过去,目前构造活动水平较低。地震的孕育、发生与深部构造环境密切相关。天山地震带的地壳内部,发育壳内高导层与低速层,地壳结构复杂;阴山-燕山造山带下面没有发现壳内高导层与低速层,整个地壳结构比较简单。壳内低速层、高导层的存在表明地质构造活动强烈,是地震带的重要标志之一,也是地震孕育、发生的深部动力学条件。     

汶川地震和九寨沟地震断层作用及动力学过程研究进展——纪念汶川地震十周年

2008年5月12日汶川地震（M_S8.0）发生后,各部门组织开展了一系列汶川地震相关的地学研究,包括国家科技专项"汶川地震断裂带科学钻探"项目.经过十年的持续探究,在地震地质、震源物理、地震实验、地震动力学、深部地球物理和长期监测等方面研究取得了一系列重大突破与重要成果.在汶川地震十周年之际,《地球物理学报》集中在2018年第5期刊发39篇文章作为汶川地震十周年专辑,专辑涵盖了汶川地震和九寨沟地震断层作用与动力学过程以及相关领域的一批最新研究成果.这些工作涉及汶川地震断层作用、地震参数及地震动力学数值模拟、汶川地震前地震活动性与多参数异常、晚第四纪构造与地震活动及其地表作用、青藏高原东部壳幔结构与龙门山断裂带深部构造和九寨沟地震等六方面的研究.本文将从这六个研究方向简要介绍收入本专辑论文的研究工作,呈现地震断层作用及动力学过程等研究成果,为深入认识大地震孕育和发生过程提供重要的基础.     

The impact of organic pollution on the macrobenthic fauna of Dubai Creek (UAE)

Dubai Creek is a tidal marine intrusion bisecting Dubai within the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The creek extends 14km inland from its opening into the Arabian Gulf, with a narrow lower creek channel leading to a lagoon section in the upper creek. The creek contains numerous sources of organic pollution including sewage outlet flows and boat waste. A survey of the creek was performed, assessing organic pollution, water properties, and the benthic macrofaunal community. The upper creek was heavily polluted with macrofauna communities commonly associated with organic pollution and eutrophication, while the lower creek contained low pollution and relatively healthy macrofauna communities. There is little net tidal flow of water within the creek and residence time in the lagoon is high, which may account for the high organic pollution levels. However, some evidence of the pollution effect moving into the lower creek was found. The results are considered in light of current and historic organic loading within the creek and future developments in the area.     

A study of fecal coliform sources at a coastal site using colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) as a water source tracer

Optical properties of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were measured as a tracer of polluted waters in a Southern California surf-zone with consistently high levels of fecal indicator bacteria. Salinity, temperature, fecal coliform, absorbance (200-700nm) and fluorescence (lambda(excitation)=350nm; lambda(emission)=360-650nm) were measured in the creek and surf-zone during a dry and rain event. Fluorescence to absorption ratios for CDOM were used to distinguish water masses, with two distinct CDOM end-members identified as creek (flu/abs=8.7+/-0.8x10(4)) and coastal (flu/abs=2.2+/-0.3x10(4)). Waters containing the same CDOM end-member had highly variable bacterial levels during the dry event, suggesting intermittent sources of bacteria added to a uniform water source, consistent with marine birds. During the rain event, increased levels of the creek end-member and bacteria indicated a second bacteria source from runoff.