On the behavior of the cured electroosmotic chemical treated clay

Followed the proposed ECT procedure that was the injection of 0.75 M CaCl₂ solution for 72 h, then 1.5 M KOH solution for 48 h, then sodium silicate solution for 72 h and then deionized water for 168 h, the clay strength can be improved from anode to cathode entirely. To further improve the clay strength, curing the sample for different periods and applying electric field over the sample were studied. The cone resistance, water content, pH value, Ca²⁺ concentration and the XRD pattern were tested or analyzed in each test. Results show that injection of deionized water was a key phase to produce a full improvement of the treated clay, which cannot be replaced by the application of an electric field only and without injecting water. Curing the treated clay after injecting deionized water can yield a higher clay strength in the cathode area significantly due to pozzolanic reaction but produce a lower clay strength in the anode area because the formed NaOH decomposed the gel structure of the sodium silicate solution. To obtain a better strength after injection of deionized water for 168 h, the treated clay had to be cured for about 28 days, along with a dry anode compartment.

     

Seismic performance analysis of BRBs and gussets in a full‐scale 2‐story BRB‐RCF specimen

The implementation of buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) for new reinforced concrete frame (RCF) constructions is limited. This study investigates the seismic forces and stability in the BRBs and gussets of a 2‐story full‐scale RCF specimen by using Abaqus models and a newly proposed stability evaluation method. The hybrid and cyclic loading test results are accurately predicted by the Abaqus analyses. Existing methods for computing the gusset interface forces for steel buildings from both the brace and the frame actions are compared with the Abaqus results. The applicability of these methods for the BRB‐RCF design is critically evaluated. It is confirmed that the Parallel‐2 method is suitable for estimating the BRB force demand imposed on the corner gusset and the generalized uniform force method is good for the corner gusset at the base. In addition, existing stability evaluation methods for BRBs and gussets are applied to investigate the out‐of‐plane (OOP) buckling of the first‐story BRB observed at the end of tests. The proposed stability model incorporates the BRB restrainer's flexural effects and 4 rotational springs in assessing the BRB's buckling. This model confirms that the BRB and the gusset's OOP buckling limit states could be coupled and must be evaluated together. By incorporating the flexural effects of the steel casing and the infilled grout, the proposed model satisfactorily predicts the OOP buckling of the first‐story BRB and gussets. These research results can be used for the implementation of BRBs in new RC frame constructions.     

Terrain attributes of earthquake‐ and rainstorm‐induced landslides in orogenic mountain Belt,Taiwan

Landsliding induced by earthquakes and rainstorms in montane regions is not only a sculptor for shaping the landscape, but also a driver for delivering sediments and above‐ground biomass downstream. However, the terrain attributes of earthquake‐ and rainstorm‐induced landslides are less discussed comprehensively in Taiwan. As part of an island‐wide inventory, we here compare and contrast the landslide terrain attributes resulting from two catastrophic events: the Chi‐Chi earthquake (M _w = 7.6, September 1999) and typhoon Morakot (rainfall >2500 mm, August 2009). Results show that the earthquake‐induced landslides are relatively small, round‐shaped and prone to occur primarily in middle and toe of slopes. In contrast, the rainstorm‐induced landslides are larger, horseshoe‐shaped and preferentially occurring in slope toes. Also, earthquake‐induced landslides, particularly large landslides, are usually found at steeper gradients, whereas rainstorm‐induced landslides aggregate at gradients between 25° and 40°. Lithologic control plays a secondary role in landsliding. From an island‐wide perspective, high landslide density locates in the region of earthquake intensity ≥ VI or one‐day rainfall ≥600 mm day^?1. Through the landslide patterns and their terrain attributes, our retrospective approach sheds light on accessing the historical and remote events for close geophysical investigations. Finally, we should bear in mind that the landslide location, size, and terrain attributes varying with triggers may affect the landscape evaluation or biogeochemical processes in landslide‐dominated regions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

单细胞藻吸收Cu2+,Zn2+,Se4+,Cd2+的扫描电镜X射线能谱分析

青岛大扁藻（Ｐｔａｔｙｔｈｏｎａ。ｈｅｉｇｏｈｎｄｌｃａ。ａ,ｔｓ。ｎｇｉｇｏ。ｓ;ｓＴｓｅｎｇｅｔＴ．Ｊ．Ｃｈａｎｇ）、。角褐指藻（Ｐｈａ。ｄａｅｔｙｌ。。ｔ,。。－ｎ。加。Ｂｏｈｌｉｎ）、湛ｕ叉鞭藻（一ｃ,ａ──ａ。切ｎｊ。ｎｇ。ｓ。Ｈｕ）、路氏巴夫藻＿Ｐａ。ｉｃ。ａｌ。ｔｉｅｒ（ＤｒｏｏＰ）Ｇｒｅｅｎｊ等单细胞藻类,是养殖对虾、扇贝、鲍、牡赈、河蟹等人工育苗中幼体的活饵料,它们的质量决定养殖动物幼体的成活率、生长速度以及抗病能力。所以单细胞藻类的营养成分、生活状态、密度是培育出具优良性状动…     

Investigation and Remediation of a 1,2–Dichloroethane Spill Part I: Short and Long-Term Remediation Strategies

Release of an estimated 150,000 gallons (568,000 L).of 1.2–dichloroethane (EDC) from a buried pipeline into a ditch and surrounding soil resulted in shallow subsurface contamination of a Gulf Coast site. Short-term remediation included removal of EDC DNAPI. (dense nonaqueous phase liquid) by dredging and vacuuming the ditch, and by dredging the river where the ditch discharged. EDC saturation in shallow impacted sediments located beneath the ditch was at or below residual saturation and these sediments were therefore left in place. The ditch was lined, backfilled, and capped. Long-term remediation includes EDC DNAPL recovery and hydraulic containment from the shallow zone with long-term monitoring of the shallow, intermediate, and deep (200 foot) aquifers. Ground water, DNAPL., and dissolved phase models were used to guide field investigations and the selection of an effective remedial action strategy. The DNAPL. modeling was conducted for a two-dimensional vertical cross section of the site, and included the three aquifers separated by two aquitards with microfractures. These aquitards were modeled using a dual porosity approach. Matrix and fracture properties of the aquitards used for DNAPL modeling were determined from small-scale laboratory properties. These properties were consistent with effective hydraulic conductivity determined from ground water flow modeling. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the vertical migration of EDC was attenuated by dissolution of EDC into the matrix of the upper aquitard. When the organic/water entry pressure of the aquitard matrix, or the solubility of EDC were decreased to unrealislically low values. EDC DNAPL. accumulated in the aquifer below the upper aquitard.
EDC DNALM, did not reach the regional (deepest) aquifer in any of the cases modeled. The limited extent of vertical EDC migration predicted is supported by ground water monitoring conducted over the four years since the spill.     

Cu,Zn和Cd对5种单细胞藻的酶基因表达调控的研究

报道了在Cu2 +、Cd2 +和Zn2 +的毒害作用下 ,三角褐指藻 (PhaeodactylumtricornutumBohlin) ,湛江叉鞭藻 (IsochrysiszhanjiangensisHu &Lui) ,绿色巴夫藻 (PaviovaviridisTsengChenetZhang) ,青岛大扁藻 (Platymonashelgolandicavar.TsingtaoensisTsengetT.J.Chang) ,小球藻(Chlorellasp.)等单细胞藻的苹果酸脱氢酶发生了明显的变化。其中 ,不同种类重金属离子对该酶的基因表达作用不同 ,即使是同种离子但浓度不同 ,这种作用也不同。一般情况下高离子浓度抑制了酶基因的表达。低离子浓度促进了表达。但也有例外 ,如Cd2 +(24.53μg/ml)、Zn2 +(24.31,16.21μg/ml)促进三角褐指藻MDH 1座位等位基因的表达量 ;Cd2 +(24.53,12.26μg/ml)促进小球藻MDH 1座位等位基因的表达量。由此可推出 ,重金属离子可以干扰等位基因的表达 ,并在等位酶的活性上表现出来     

A model to simulate special concentrically braced frames beyond brace fracture

Special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) are commonly used as the lateral‐load resisting system in buildings. SCBFs primarily sustain large deformation demands through inelastic action in the brace, including compression buckling and tension yielding; secondary yielding may occur in the gusset plate and framing elements. The preferred failure mode is brace fracture. Yielding, buckling, and fracture behavior results in highly nonlinear behavior and accurate analytical modeling of these frames is required. Prior research has shown that continuum models are capable of this level of simulation. However, those models are not suitable for structural engineering practice. To enable the use of accurate yet practical nonlinear models, a research study was undertaken to investigate modeling parameters for line‐element models, which is a more practical modeling approach. This portion of the study focused on methods to predict brace fracture. A fracture modeling approach simulated the nonlinear, cyclic response of SCBFs by correlating onset of fracture to the maximum strain range in the brace. The model accounts for important brace design parameters including slenderness, compactness, and yield strength. Fracture data from over 40 tests was used to calibrate the model and included single‐brace component, single story frame, and full‐scale multistory frame specimens. The proposed fracture model is more accurate and simpler than other, previously proposed models. As a result, the proposed model is an ideal candidate for practical performance simulation of SCBFs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.