Near Wall Flow over Urban-like Roughness

In this study, comprehensive measurements over a number of urban-type surfaces with the same area density of 25% have been performed in a wind tunnel. The experiments were conducted at a free stream velocity of 10 m s^-1 and the main instrumentation was 120 ° x-wire anemometry, but measurement accuracy was checked using laser Doppler anemometry.The results haveconfirmed the strong three-dimensionalityof the turbulent flow inthe roughness sublayer and the depths of the inertial sublayer (log-law region) and roughness sublayer for each surface have been determined. Spatial averaging has been used to remove the variability of the flow in the roughness sublayer due to individual obstacles and it is shown that the spatially averaged mean velocity in the inertial sublayer and roughness sublayer can,together, be described by a single log-law with a mean zero-plane displacement and roughness length for the surface, provided that the proper surface stress is known. The spatially averaged shear stresses in the inertial sublayer and roughness sublayer are compared with the surface stress deduced from form drag measurements on the roughness elements themselves.The dispersive stress arising from the spatial inhomogeneity in the mean flow profiles was deduced from the data and is shown to be negligible compared with the usual Reynolds stresses in the roughness sublayer. Comparisons have been made between a homogeneous (regular element array) surface and one consisting of random height elements of the same total volume. Although the upper limits of the inertial sublayer for both surfaces were almost identical at equivalent fetch, the roughness sublayer was much thicker for the random surface than for the uniform surface, the friction velocity and the roughness length were significantly larger and the `roughness efficiency' was greater. It is argued that the inertial sublayer may not exist at all in some of the more extreme rough urban areas. These results will provide fundamental information for modelling urban air quality and forecasting urban wind climates.     

利用生物圈模型 (SiB2) 模拟青藏高原那曲草原近地面层能量收支

模式所需要的参数被合理地设置之后, 根据GAME/ Tibet (GEWEX亚洲季风试验/青藏高原试验) 那曲近地层观测站的资料, 将大气强迫变量代入SiB2(Simple Biosphere model version2), 文章模拟了该观测站地表能量收支。结果表明:SiB2能够较好地模拟青藏高原的能量收支情况, 净辐射、潜热通量和土壤热通量的模拟值和观测值吻合, 它们的相对误差分别为8% (低估)、6% (低估) 和3 %(低估)。同时, SiB2高估感热通量达40%。文章还给出了能量各分量的详细比较分析。     

Near-Wall Flow Development After A Step Change In Surface Roughness

An experimental study of the initial flow field downstream of a step change in surface roughness is presented. The roughness length of the downstream surface was approximately tenfold that of the upstream roughness and, unlike all previous studies, attention was concentrated on the roughness sublayer region beneath the inertial (log-law) region. The experiments were conducted at a boundary layer Reynolds number of about 6 × 10⁴ (based on layer thickness andfree-stream velocity) and around a longitudinal location where the (downstream) roughness length, z_o2, was about 1% of the boundary-layer thickness atthe roughness change point.The thickness of the roughness sublayer was found for the two roughness. It was observed that the vertical profiles of mean velocity and turbulence characteristics started to show similarity after about 160z₀₂ downstream of the roughness change. The presence of a shear stress overshoot is shown to depend strongly on the precise location (with respect to the roughness elements) at which the measurements are made and the thickness of the equilibrium layer is shown to be very sensitive to the way it is defined. It is demonstrated that the growing equilibrium layer has first to encompass the roughness sublayer before any thickness of inertial sublayer can be developed. It follows that, in somepractical cases, like flows across some urban environments, the latter(log-law) region may never exist at all.     

地震作用下的灰坝液化特征及其动力稳定性分析--以安阳电厂为例

根据安阳电厂灰坝岩土工程性质及其动力学特性,建立了适合灰坝工程的动力分析模型并采用有限元法进行了动力分析.在此基础上,在不同工况条件下对灰坝进行了抗液化安全评价及抗震稳定性分析.研究表明,在不设碎石桩、无排渗体条件下,粉煤灰子坝的抗液化安全系数Ks＜1.25,将发生液化;在设碎石桩、有排渗体条件下,粉煤灰子坝的抗液化安全系数明显提高,Ks≥1.25,不会发生液化.抗震稳定性分析表明,在上述两种工况条件下灰坝是稳定的.     

山东车镇凹陷东部古近系沙河街组成岩作用

车镇凹陷沙河街组的沉积体系受控于盆地内的构造、物源供给以及沉积时的气候环境。以岩石学特征为基础，描述了成岩过程中压实与压溶作用、胶结作用、溶解作用与次生孔隙的特征，以及次生孔隙带在本区的分布。论述了碳酸盐胶结物与粘土矿物胶结作用的特点。粘土矿物蒙脱石-伊利石转变具有明显的渐变与突变交替的演化程式，其演化经历了蒙脱石带、渐变带、迅速转化带和伊利石带以及蒙脱石向伊利石的转变带。沙河街组的成岩作用划分为早期成岩阶段（A期、B期）和晚期成岩阶段（A期、B期、C期），并提出了成岩阶段的划分标志。     

宁镇地区中更新世环境演变的沉积学研究

句容放牛山剖面ESR测年、粒度以及磁化率的研究结果表明,下蜀黄土作为一种受后生成土作用强烈的风尘堆积,其性状与北方黄土差别很大,主要表现为由于成壤作用及次生风化作用导致粘粒含量增多。该剖面揭示出本区中更新世 5个气候暖湿期,分别是 :15 9~ 16 3ka,192ka,195~ 198ka,2 0 3~ 2 30ka与 311~ 35 0ka。其中第一个相对暖湿期不十分明显,在大致同时期的深海氧同位素 (V2 1- 14 6孔 ) 6阶段当中为一个小的气候回暖波动,第 2、3、4气候暖湿期可大致与西峰黄土S2古土壤层所反映的气候温暖事件相对应,可与深海氧同位素 (V2 1- 14 6孔 )第 7氧同位素阶段大致相对比。其中,前 4个温暖期可大致与老虎山下蜀黄土的标准剖面自上而下的 4个埋藏古土壤层相对应。旧石器考古发掘发现 6、7层有石器,从剖面测年资料及各环境代用指标综合分析得出,当时为暖湿的生态环境(即第 5个气候暖湿期 ),较适宜人类活动,与南京汤山猿人洞研究结果相一致。东北地区庙后山下层文化 (14 0 0~2 30ka)以大石片石器为主,文化面貌兼有华北大小两个石器系统的特征。这与该遗址发掘的石器相类似,这可能说明至少在中更新世中期长江河道应在句容以南。     

准噶尔盆地基底火山岩中的辉石及其对盆地基底性质的示踪

根据钻井和航磁资料，准噶尔盆地基底可划分为西、北、南三区。3个地区火山岩中辉石的化学成分、种属名称各不相同。辉石化学成分反映出来的寄主岩的碱度、碱度演化趋势以及寄主岩形成的构造环境、构造环境演化史均各有差异，佐证了准噶尔盆地基底是由哈萨克斯坦板块东南缘、西伯利亚板块西南缘和塔里木板块北缘增生大陆拼合而成。其中西、北两区拼合较早，早石炭世末的早海西运动时抬升成陆；南区成陆较晚，晚古炭世末的晚海西运动使南区与西、北两区联合大陆对接，形成完整的准噶尔盆地海西褶皱基底。     

峨眉山玄武岩的地幔热柱成因

根据峨眉山玄武岩的岩石组合、岩相学特征将峨眉火成岩省分为盐源-丽江岩区、攀西岩区、贵州高原岩区和松潘-甘孜岩区。通过对研究区二叠世的区域地质背景和古地理环境的分析，对峨眉山玄武岩喷发与地幔热柱的关系及其火山喷发的大地构造背景进行了进一步系统归纳和总结。根据地层学关系大致确定峨眉山玄武岩的主喷发期是阳新世（中二叠）晚期-乐平世（晚二叠）早期，时限大致为259Ma-257Ma。峨眉山玄武岩微量元素地幔标准化曲线特征与OIB基本一致，反映出其成因与地幔热柱活动有密不可分的关系。     

Optimal placement of dampers and actuators based on stochastic approach

A general method is developed for optimal application of dampers and actuators by installing them at optimal location on seismic-resistant structures. The study includes development of a statistical criterion, formulation of a general optimization problem and establishment of a solution procedure. Numerical analysis of the seismic response in time-history of controlled structures is used to verify the proposed method for optimal device application and to demonstrate the effectiveness of seismic response control with optimal device location. This study shows that the proposed method for the optimal device application is simple and general, and that the optimally applied dampers and actuators are very efficient for seismic response reduction.     

华北地区部分井孔稀有气体异常研究

介绍了近年来华北地区宝龙等 3口井稀有气体的显著异常 ,并据其特征与井孔水位动态的关系 ,对稀有气体异常的成因进行了理论分析与实验研究。结果表明 ,水位下降 10 0mm ,岩层孔隙、裂隙中的气体体积膨胀 0 0 0 90 % (气体体积百分比 ,下同 )左右。由于地下水位大幅度下降 ,岩层孔隙压力减小 ,积聚在岩层孔隙、裂隙中的气体体积膨胀溢出 ,导致井孔地下水中稀有气体含量出现异常变化。这些异常是干扰因素所致 ,不是地震异