前海合作区BIM规划的编制和实践

前海BIM应用的机遇和挑战 BIM是创建数字化模型并利用模型,对建设项目进行设计、建造和运营全过程进行管理和优化的过程、方法和技术.前海合作区自2013年探索应用BIM技术,截至2021年8月,前海合作区BIM技术应用成果主要包括:模型创建整合项目147个,其中,政府投资107个、社会投资40个;房建类项目49个,其中...     

1956-2000年中国潜在蒸散量时空变化特征

1 Introduction Evaporation is one of the important components in the water and heat balances. The transpiration of vegetation and evaporation from soil are collectively called evapotranspiration. Potential evapotranspiration is not only the theoretical li…     

广东省县域单元热带气旋灾害损失评估方法研究

利用2004—2014年广东省的热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone, TC)降水和大风资料以及TC造成的直接经济损失数据,通过TC经济灾损率的定义,研究了TC直接经济损失与TC降水和大风的关系,并建立评估模型。广东省沿海地区是TC降水和大风影响频繁地区,TC经济灾损率和受灾频次在广东西南部和东部沿海地区较大。TC经济灾损率与TC降水和大风之间存在较好的指数关系。由此得到不同等级经济灾损率对应的气象因素致灾阈值。利用此气象因素致灾阈值可以对县域单元的TC直接经济损失进行评估。对2004—2014年广东省TC造成的直接经济损失的模拟结果表明,该方法能较好地评估广东的县域单元TC经济损失。      

南方雨水偏多江南华南洪涝重北方光温较好降雨适时风雹频—1998年6月—

６月份,南方大部降水接近常年或偏多,赣、湘、桂、闽、浙等省（区）的部分地区明显偏多,发生严重的暴雨洪涝灾害;北方大部地区墒情适宜,对农作物生长有利,仅陕、鲁等省的部分地区少雨有旱。月内,北方频遭风雹危害,部分地区损失较重。全国大部地区月平均气温接近常...     

The Influence of Large-Scale Circulation on the SummerHydrological Cycle in the Haihe River Basin of China

In this study,we focus on changes in three important components of the hydrological-cycle in the Haihe River basin (HRB) during 1957-2005:precipitation (Prep),actual evaportranspiration (ETa),and pan evaporation (PE)- a measure of potential evaporation.The changes in these components have been evaluated in relation to changes in the East Asian summer monsoon.Summer Prep for the whole basin has decreased significantly during 1957-2005.Recent weakening of the convergence of the integrated water vapor flux,in combination with a change from cyclonic-like large-scale circulation conditions to anti-cyclonic-like conditions,led to the decrease in the summer Prep in the HRB.ETa is positively correlated with Prep on the interannual timescalc.On longer timescales,however,ETa is less dependent on Prep or the large-scale circulation.We found negative trends in ETa when the ERA40 reanalysis data were used,but positive trends in ETa when the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data were used.PE declined during the period 1957 2001.The declining of PE could be explained by a combination of declining solar radiation and declining surface wind.Howevcr,the declining solar radiation may itself be related to the weakening winds,due to weaker dispersion of pollution.If so,the downward trend of PE may be mainly caused by weakening winds.     

近50年我国冰雹年代际变化及北方冰雹趋势的成因分析

利用1958-2007年中国755个站的逐日冰雹资料和同期NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及环流特征量,研究了中国近50年冰雹时空变化特征。研究表明,20世纪70年代末、80年代初我国冰雹呈下降趋势,尤其是80年代末以来降雹次数基本低于近50年的平均值,其中我国北方冰雹下降趋势比南方显著,除黄淮、江淮、长江中下游和华南地区外,全国大部分地区冰雹下降趋势都通过了0.05的显著性水平检验,尤其是东北、华北、西北和青藏高原中东部地区。分析表明,20世纪70年代末大尺度环流系统的一系列调整是我国北方冰雹减少的主要原因,200 hPa高空西风急流南移,导致我国北方纬向风场减弱,风速垂直切变减小,对流减弱;850 hPa高度场升高不利于极地冷空气南下和对流系统的建立;同时副高增强,极涡减弱使大气层结稳定,冷空气活动减弱。伴随着大尺度环流的调整,局地垂直温度场结构的变化是影响降雹次数的一个重要原因,局地0℃线和-20℃线之间过冷却水滴累积区距离缩短,不利于雹粒充分地碰并增长,这对东北、华北和西北西部降雹出现显著减少具有十分重要的作用。     

Early development of Costaria costata (C. Agardh) Saunders and cultivation trials

Costaria costata (C. Agardh) Saunders is one of common kelps distributed in many coastal areas worldwide; however, in China, no reports have been made on cultivation of the genus. To investigate potential cultivation of the species in the northern part of China, trials on isolation and preservation of the gametophytes were conducted using C. costata from Korea; growth and development of the gametophytes were observed. We showed that at 10±1°C, 60 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ and 12:12 h (L:D), freshly released zoospores settled down within 1 hour, and then developed into the primary cell during the following 2 days. After a vegetative growth phase lasting 6–8 days, female gametophytes became 3–4 times larger in diameter than that of the primary cell, but still remained at a unicellular stage, while male gametophytes divided into 4–10 cells with only a slight change in size. Fertilization occurred within 10 days after the zoospores were released from the sporangia, and the apical and basal tissues of the juvenile sporophyte divided and differentiated into the blade and stipe. Temperature and irradiance influenced gametophytic vegetative growth and developmental patterns. Generally, low irradiance (15 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ and 30 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹) was unfavorable to the induction of fertility, but it enhanced female gametophyte division. The optimal conditions for vegetative growth were 15°C and 30 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹. After transplantation of the juvenile seedlings and after eight months cultivation, the harvested mature blade reached 194 cm in length and 32.7 cm in width. Our study proves that it is feasible to implement propagation and large scale cultivation of C. costata in northern China.     

参加WMO执委会减灾和服务工作组会议总结

WMO执行理事会减灾和服务工作组第1次会议于2009年3月19～21日在瑞士日内瓦WMO总部一楼新闻发布厅举行。该工作组组长、美国国家天气局局长John L．Hayes博士因国内事务不能与会,经与会代表协商,由郑同光博士担仟会议主席,主持会议。     

基于气候系统内在层次性的气象干旱指数研究

气候系统除了具有非线性/非平稳性,还有层次性,许多大小不一的时空尺度构成了多层次结构,不同层次的气候系统具有不同的可预报性和稳定性。对于一种气象干旱指数而言,主要考虑从某一时段(尺度)内降水、温度、土壤湿度等要素测量值来建立干旱指数。本文首先从气候系统的非线性/非平稳性和内在层次性出发,针对中国不同地区的区域气候及其变化特征,使用信息熵方法从降水观测资料中提取出区域降水的两个(均态和变化)本征尺度,提出一种基于区域气候系统层次性内在特征的气象干旱指数MSPI。以2011年长江中下游春季严重气象干旱的发生、发展、持续、缓解情况为例,对MSPI的干旱监测能力进行检验。发现MSPI对不同程度的干旱都有较好的表征能力,并且对于干旱过程也有较好的识别能力。从各方面综合考虑,MSPI是一种可以较好满足逐日气象干旱监测、检测需求的气象干旱指数。在实际应用中,气象干旱指数MSPI可以作为其他不同时间尺度上的各种干旱指数的有益补充。     

全国大部降水偏少北方高温旱情严重—2001年5月

5月份 ,全国大部地区降水偏少 ,气温接近常年或偏高 ,日照时数接近常年。北方地区持续少雨 ,高温且多风沙天气 ,旱情发展迅速 ,其中华北、黄淮等地旱情较为严重 ,水资源十分缺乏 ,给农业生产和人民生活带来很大的影响。此外 ,南方局部地区由于降水集中发生暴雨洪涝灾害。1　北方大部持续少雨、华北、黄淮等部分地区出现严重旱情月降水量 ,北方大部地区及四川盆地、西藏等地的部分地区小于 5 0 mm,其中华北大部、西北大部及黄淮部分地区不足 1 0 mm,局部基本无降雨 ;全国其余地区普遍有 5 0～2 0 0 mm,其中华南大部、云南大部及湖南、江西等…