基于出错率的判训动态权层次分析法综合评价

传统的层次分析法,存在着权重固定、忽略动态变化的问题。本文从权重的含义出发,将出错率引入其中,定义基于出错率的判断标度,利用改进的AHP模型计算基于出错率的动态权重,最终得到权重成绩。通过将权重成绩与一般量化成绩的比较,实现对判训人员测试结果更为客观、真实的评价。将该方法应用于具体判读训练实例中,对其进行了验证。实验结果表明,基于出错率的判训动态权AHP法突出了判训学习中的易错难点,更全面地反映了判训人员对不同知识点的掌握情况,对其后期学习的改进有一定指导意义。     

多极化SAR溢油探测影响因素分析研究

Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar(SAR) oil spill detection parameters conformity coefficient(μ), Muller matrix parameters(|C|, B_0), the eigenvalues of simplified coherency matrix(λ_(nos)) and the influence of SAR observing parameters, ocean environment and noise level are investigated. Radarsat-2 data are used to make systematic analysis of polarimetric parameters for different incidences, wind speeds, noise levels and the ocean phenomena(oil slick and look likes). The influence of the SAR observing parameters, the ocean environment and the noise level on the typical polarimetric SAR parameter conformity coefficient has been analyzed. The results indicate that conformity coefficient cannot be simply used for oil spill detection, which represents the image signal to the noise level to some extent. When the signals are below the noise level for the oil slick and the look likes, the conformity coefficients are negative; while the signals above the noise level corresponds to positive conformity coefficients. For dark patches(low wind and biogenic slick) with the signal below the noise,polarization features such as conformity coefficient cannot separate them with oil slick. For the signal above the noise, the oil slick, the look likes(low wind and biogenic slick) and clean sea all have positive conformity coefficients, among which, the oil slick has the smallest conformity coefficient, the look likes the second, and the clean sea the largest value. For polarimetric SAR data oil spill detection, the noise plays a significant role. So the polarimetric SAR data oil spill detection should be carried out on the basis of noise consideration.     

构造-岩浆作用对热液活动的控制机理: 马努斯海盆为例

综述了马努斯海盆热液区构造特征、基底差异, 结合马努斯海盆热液区热液活动与构造-岩浆特征, 探讨了二者的耦合关系, 以及构造-岩浆作用对热液活动的影响和控制。马努斯海盆位于西南太平洋俾斯麦海的东北部, 是世界上扩张速度最快的海盆之一。马努斯海盆西部(马努斯扩张中心, Manus Spreading Center, MSC)主要由海盆扩张成熟期产生的大洋中脊玄武岩组成, 属于成熟弧后扩张中心,发育Vienna Woods热液区; 海盆东部(东南裂谷, Southeast Rift, SER)则是一个拉张裂谷, 处于扩张的早期阶段, 属于不成熟弧后扩张中心, 发育PACMANUS、DESMOS、SuSu Knolls三大热液区。MSC与大洋中脊的热液活动相似, 而SER因受到火山、俯冲作用影响更为显著, 其热液流体具有岩浆流体和俯冲流体的特征。与Vienna Woods热液压相比, PACMANUS、DESMOS以及SuSu Knolls三个热液区的水深相对较浅(1 150～1 740 m), 是地球内部热物质由内向外迁移的结果, 其下部岩浆作用强烈。此外,岩浆脱气作用和数值模拟结果表明, PACMANUS热液系统中具有岩浆流体的输入。与Vienna Woods热液区相比, PACMANUS、DESMOS、SuSu Knolls热液区的热液活动强度及流体组成主要受控于岩浆作用。     

Smectite formation in metalliferous sediments near the East Pacific Rise at 13°N

A 43 cm long E271 sediment core collected near the East Pacific Rise(EPR) at 13°N were studied to investigate the origin of smectite for understanding better the geochemical behavior of hydrothermal material after deposition.E271 sediments are typical metalliferous sediments. After removal of organic matter, carbonate, biogenic opal,and Fe-Mn oxide by a series of chemical procedures, clay minerals(2 μm) were investigated by X-ray diffraction,chemical analysis and Si isotope analysis. Due to the influence of seafloor hydrothermal activity and close to continent, the sources of clay minerals are complex. Illite, chlorite and kaolinite are suggested to be transported from either North or Central America by rivers or winds, but smectite is authigenic. It is enriched in iron, and its contents are highest in clay minerals. Data show that smectite is most likely formed by the reaction of hydrothermal Fe-oxyhydroxide with silica and seawater in metalliferous sediments. The Si that participates in this reaction may be derived from siliceous microfossils(diatoms or radiolarians), hydrothermal fluids, or detrital mineral phases. And their δ30 Si values are higher than those of authigenic smectites, which implies that a Si isotope fractionation occurs during the formation because of the selective absorption of light Si isotopes onto Feoxyhydroxides. Sm/Fe mass ratios(a proxy for overall REE/Fe ratio) in E271 clay minerals are lower than those in metalliferous sediments, as well as distal hydrothermal plume particles and terrigenous clay minerals. This result suggests that some REE are lost during the smectite formation, perhaps because their large ionic radii of REE scavenged by Fe-oxyhydroxides preclude substitution in either tetrahedral or octahedral lattice sites of this mineral structure, which decreases the value of metalliferous sediments as a potential resource for REE.     

东太平洋海隆13°N表层含金属沉积物物质组成与元素赋存状态

为了解不同类型含金属沉积物在物质组成和元素赋存状态的差异,对东太平洋海隆13°N洋中脊两侧表层含金属沉积物(站号:E271和E53)进行了矿物学、地球化学分析,顺序提取实验,并与前人对轴部表层沉积物(站号:17A-EPR-TVG1)的研究结果作了对比分析。研究结果表明, E271和E53是远端含金属沉积物,由非浮力热液羽状流中颗粒物沉降所形成的;17A-EPR-TVG1沉积物是近喷口含金属沉积物,由黑烟囱或者热液硫化物丘状体崩塌、堆积,或者由热液羽状流中Fe-Mn氧化物和硫化物快速沉淀而形成的,近喷口沉积物比远端沉积物更富集Fe、Cu和Zn等元素。元素在两种含金属沉积物中的赋存状态基本相同,除了Fe,Cu,Zn,Mo和稀土元素(REE)等元素在远端沉积物中主要存在于Fe-Mn氧化物相,在近喷口沉积物中主要在残留相中。远端沉积物中REE页岩标准化配分模式与海水相似,表明REE主要来自海水,而近喷口沉积物中REE配分模式与热液流体相似,说明REE以高温热液流体来源为主。相关研究结果加深了对热液沉积作用研究的认识。     

基于综合评价模型的辽宁海岛开发潜力研究

海岛是连接陆域国土和海洋国土的桥梁,是海洋经济和沿海地区社会发展的重要依托。研究海岛开发潜力对促进海岛保护和合理利用以及提升海洋经济意义重大。本文通过构建海岛开发潜力综合评价模型和评价指标体系,尝试评价研究了辽宁省18个村级海岛开发潜力,以期为海岛管理、保护与合理开发提供借鉴。评价结果表明:辽宁村级海岛开发潜力存在一定差异性,大部分都接近平均水平;海岛开发潜力不是一成不变的,而是将呈现出动态变化的趋势。     

通衢广陌天地宽

正俯瞰中华大地,繁华的都市、喧闹的城镇、静谧的乡村……如同一颗颗散落的珍珠,而纵横交织的道路就像那精美的珠链,连接城市与农村,沟通梦想与现实,贯穿昨天与未来。从孤悬绝壁的秦蜀云栈,到通达四海的大秦驰道;从驼铃悠悠的丝绸之路,到马蹄阵阵的皇家驿道,陆地交通改变着人们的生存空间,深刻影响着五千年华夏文明的历史进程。     

“漫话土地”之二十七 地载万物鸟兽栖

正辽阔的平原、险峻的山岭、蜿蜒的河谷、茂密的森林、浩瀚的草原……中华大地幅员辽阔、物华天宝,万物生灵相依相伴、互惠互生,共同奏响一曲波澜壮阔的生命之歌。"植物斯生,动物斯止。"从创世神话到部落传说,从民族图腾到宗庙祭祀,从游牧渔猎到农耕家畜,从土木建筑到衣冠纹饰,动物文化伴随着华夏文明,走过悠悠五千年岁月历程。地载万物,生生不息自上古神话到民间传说,动物便是人类从未离开的伙伴。女娲拈土造物,相传也是初一造鸡、初二造狗、初三造猪、初四造羊、初五造牛、初六造马,初七     

基于灯光数据的中国县域城镇建设用地产出效率时空演变特征

本文以灯光密度表征建设用地产出效率,采取KDE、ESDA、SDE等方法对中国县域尺度2000-2015年建设用地产出效率的总体特征、时空演变以及方向分布进行分析,研究发现：① 夜间灯光总亮度与建设用地出产出存在较强的相关关系,说明可用灯光总亮度表征建设用地产出,以灯光密度反映建设用地产出效率具有一定的科学性。② 建设用地产出效率东高西低,持续上升;增长速度西高东低,中部居中,但区域间年均增长率最大相差0.56%,整体较为均衡。③ 虽然建设用地产出效率由2000年的0.008单位灯光/km²持续上升至2015年的0.025单位灯光/km²,但其核密度曲线始终处于中低水平且右侧区间不断扩大,说明中国建设用地产出效率总体水平较低,呈现出中低水平俱乐部收敛的特征。④ 建设用地产出效率的全局 Moran's I指数都大于0,建设用地产出效率存在正向空间分布特征,且其局部空间格局变化较小,存在稳中有动,强中有弱,弱中有强的特点。⑤ 方向分布上,建设用地产出效率的方位角始终在72.420^o与81.066^o之间,说明东北-西南方向为建设用地产出效率的主要方向,且标准差椭圆的主轴与辅轴标准差都有所增加,说明在建设用地产出效率的主要方向与次要方向上都发生了分散现象。