基于视场角原理的淤地坝技术指标测量方法

淤地坝是黄土高原治理水土流失的一项重要措施,研究淤地坝技术指标高效精准的测量方法,掌握其复杂运行环境下技术参数的变化情况,为淤地坝稳定性动态评估、运行管理提供技术数据。本文基于视场角原理,构建淤地坝长度、面积、高度和坡度4类数学几何模型,并设计特征图像采集与筛选、特征目标解译与数据提取方案,开展了淤地坝技术指标的实例测量研究。本文构建的测量方法最大误差为-3.48%,不同类型指标测量精度存在差异,坝顶长、坝顶宽、输水涵管和淤积高程测量误差相对最小,平均误差在1%以下;溢洪道、明渠等指标平均误差在2%以下;坝高、淤地面积及坝坡比等指标平均误差在3.5%以下。本文提出的淤地坝技术指标测量方法设计合理,测量误差较小,具备高效、精准的测量特点。     

初始条件改进全概括灰色预测模型研究

传统灰色GM(1,1)预测模型对初始条件的选择存在一定的不足.文章在分别以与作为预测模型初始条件研究的基础上,提出通过对任意两个数据之间进行加权生成,作为初始条件建立新的预测模型,并命名为FGM(1,1)模型.此模型改变了以往只利用原始数列的某一点作为初始条件的方式,也是传统模型与几种改进模型的一种全概括.经实例验证,新模型的拟合与预测精度不低于前几种模型,为最优.     

高盐诱导太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)三倍体的初步研究

初步探讨了利用高盐抑制受精卵第2极体(PB2)的释放的方法诱导太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)三倍体。水温25℃条件下,分别进行不同高盐处理(盐度梯度为40、45、50、55、60、65、70、75、80)、不同处理时机(受精卵出现第一个PB1,30%和50%PB1,出现第一个PB2,50%PB2)和不同持续处理时间(10~25min)的实验,通过胚胎孵化率、三倍体诱导率及综合评价指数的分析表明,高盐诱导太平洋牡蛎三倍体的最适方案为:当50%受精卵出第一极体时,以盐度为65的高盐海水处理受精卵20min,三倍体诱导率最高达65.53%。     

现代军事遥感地质学发展及其展望

为了进一步拓展地质学的研究和应用领域,促进现代军事科学技术与地质学的融合发展,通过梳理总结军事地质发展简史,结合现代高技术战争特点,探索性地提出了“军事遥感地质学”这一学科概念,初步定义了军事遥感地质学的内涵与外延,探讨了学科的研究方法和工作任务,并对未来学科建设提出了一些建议和设想。     

深层地温在武汉市汛期降水趋势预报中的应用

在对武汉市近30多年汛期雨量资料和1971年以来不同深度的地温资料进行统计的基础上，运用气象统计学原理和方法，对各深度层地温和汛期雨量进行相关分析，进而选用显著相关因子建立汛期雨量预报的多元回归方程，用所建立的预报方程对1991～2000年汛期雨量进行了回代检验，并对2001-2004年汛期雨量作了试报，其效果均较好。     

Current measurements and spectral analyses in the upper 450 m and deep layers of the northeastern South China Sea

On the basis of the current measurements from the moored Long Ranger ADCP in the upper 450 m layer and the deep current measurements at 2000 and 2300 m from the moored cur-rent meters with the time series data of about 7 months at the mooring station in the northeastern South China Sea, the spectral analyses and calculation have been made. The major results are as follows: (ⅰ) From the progressive vector diagrams of the observed daily currents at the water lev-els from 50 m to 400 m, its temporal variation of velocity rotated counterclockwise in most of the observing time. This agrees basically with the result from the qualitative analysis of the sea surface height data, which was obtained from TOPEX/ERS-2 altimeter data by CCAR. The daily and monthly average velocities are both the largest in November, next in October and minimum in Au-gust. (ⅱ) At the 2000 and 2300 m levels, the daily and monthly average velocities are both the largest in January, next in September and minimum in August. From the seasonal change of cur-rents, the current velocity is the strongest in winter (January-March), next in autumn, and weak in summer. (ⅲ) There exists the variation of tidal current with the change of depth. In the upper layer, the height of diurnal peak is higher than that of semidiurnal peak. However, the semidiurnal peak is higher than the diurnal peak at the levels from 200 m to 400 m. In the layers above 450 m the clockwise component is dominant in their fluctuations. In the layers below 1500 m the diurnal peak is again higher than the semidiurnal peak. (ⅳ) There is the prominent periodic fluctuation of more than two months in the layer from 50 m to 2300 m. The period of this prominent peak is 75 d and its fluctuation is counterclockwise in the upper 450 m layers, and is 68 d and 69 d at the depths of 2000 and 2300 m, respectively, and the counterclockwise component is dominant in their fluctua-tions. (ⅴ) There are the variations of periods fluctuating with the change of depth in the upper 450 m layers. For example, when f＞0, there are the prominent fluctuations of about 22 d and 15 d pe-riods at the 50 and 100 m levels. However, there are no such periods at the layer from 200 m to 400 m, where only the fluctuation of about 13 d period occurs. (ⅵ) There are the fluctuations with periods of more than one month, 23 d and 15 d at the 2000 m and 2300 m levels. (ⅶ) In the layer from 50 m to 2300 m there are the following prominent peaks: ⅰ) the fluctuation in the period range of about 4-8 d, which occurs in the weather process; ⅱ) the fluctuation with inertial period, the fluctuation is clockwise; and ⅲ) the fluctuations with short periods of about 8 h and 6 h. (ⅷ) From the cross spectral estimates between two time series, it is shown that there are significant coherence peaks with the periods of more than two months (T = 68.3 d) and more than one month between the two time series of currents at 2000 m and 2300 m depths, and also those with periods of about half a month (15.5 d), 2 d and so on between two time series of currents at 100 m and 2300 m depths.     

土壤水分运动空间变异性尺度效应的染色示踪入渗试验研究

探讨了土壤水非均匀流动特性和描述方法,通过染色示踪剂调查了三种试验尺度条件下非均匀流动模式,并采用随机层叠模型对不同实验尺度条件下非均匀流动模式进行了模拟。随机层叠模型中具有对数正态分布性质的随机层叠发生器被用来描述水流入渗过程,不同的方法被用于模型参数求解。试验观测和模拟计算结果均表明,尺度特性是非均匀流动的重要影响因素之一,准确的描述不同研究尺度下的非均匀流动特征,须同时考虑流动在水平和垂直方向的变异性。随着研究尺度的增加,流动的非均匀性变异程度更加明显。     

基于Copula函数的暴雨要素三维联合分布——以宽甸县为例

以辽宁省宽甸县为例,利用1955~2012年逐日降水数据,提取年暴雨日数（D₅₀）、年暴雨量（P₅₀）、年均暴雨强度（I）和暴雨比（R）共4个暴雨要素,运用K-S法确定各单要素最优概率分布函数;针对暴雨要素多面性,通过引入Copula函数,构建三维联合分布并进行AIC和RMSE优度检验,确定适合暴雨要素的最优Copula函数,分析多要素联合后暴雨的概率和重现期特征。研究表明： ① 单变量拟合仅反映暴雨单个要素本身的信息,无法涉及要素间的联系;三维Copula联合可从3方面呈现暴雨要素间的内在信息,更贴近实际;暴雨本身的多要素性,为Copula函数在暴雨分析上提供了广阔前景; ② 年暴雨日数、年暴雨量和年均暴雨强度的联合适合反映宽甸县暴雨重现期;宽甸县暴雨联合重现期短,多为0~2 a,同现重现期较长,集中于200 a左右;2种重现期变化趋势一致,存在同步效应,反映了暴雨要素的不可分割性。     

不同围压下板岩三轴压缩过程能量及损伤分析

根据不同围压下板岩三轴试验的结果,研究不同围压下板岩的能量变化规律和损伤分析。研究结果表明,不同变形阶段板岩的弹性应变能、耗散能的变化情况不同,弹性应变能先增加后减小,耗散能加载初期几乎为零,进入屈服段急剧增加。根据弹性应变能与总吸收能之比将岩石压缩过程中裂隙发展划分为3个阶段:裂隙稳定发展阶段、裂隙加速发展阶段和裂隙贯通阶段。岩样破坏后总吸收能、耗散能与围压的关系表明,从开始加载到屈服段,畸变比能和体变比能之和Ue'大体等于弹性应变能Ue;从屈服段到峰值强度,Ue'小于Ue且差值越来越大。从能量角度定义损伤变量,认为:低围压状态对应较低的耗散能、较高的损伤值;高围压状态对应较高的耗散能、较低的损伤值。      

黄渤海潮流场及其与沉积物搬运的关系

沉积物的悬浮、输运受海潮流、波浪、温盐结构及泥沙来源诸多因素影响,然而何为主次,各海区不尽相同,本文在模拟黄渤海潮流场基础上着重计算、讨论了沉积物搬运与潮流场之间的关系。结果指出,潮流场在该海区泥沙输运与沉积中起着主导作用。这一结果与R.W.Sternberg等在东海北部的夏季调查结果相一致。通过M₂和(M₂±S₂)不同条件下的计算比较,同时还反映出该海区的的沉积物输运与冲淤格局基本一致。