陇东陕甘边界降雨水毁灾情调查与启示

黄土地区降雨导致的水毁灾害常有发生,造成严重的工程灾害和人员伤亡。对已有水毁灾害的调查和成因分析,可为防治区灾害提供经验。2021年8月中旬至10月初,在陇东陕甘边界黄土地区持续了50多天降雨,引发了大量水毁灾害,导致G211国道中断两周。文中介绍了这次降雨在G211沿线及其附近的村镇引起水毁灾害的现场调查情况,发生在村镇的水毁灾害有黄土窑洞塌陷、土质房屋和夯土围墙倒塌;发生在道路上的水毁灾害有路基外缘沉陷开裂,路基内侧边坡崩塌、斜坡浅层滑移及滑坡泥流等地质灾害。这些灾害规模小、影响范围不大;但数量多、致灾性较为普遍。文章还调查了植被对黄土斜坡稳定性的有利和不利影响。针对水毁灾害,分析其原因并提出了村镇和道路建设中针对此类水毁灾害的预防措施。     

对水致黄土斜坡破坏模式及稳定性分析原则的思考

水对斜坡作用包括地表水流动作用和地表水入渗作用,地表水流动作用,如水库、河流的岸坡破坏,由水动力侵蚀所引起。目前黄土中地表水入渗影响下的斜坡稳定性分析存在一些概念含糊的问题,如忽略了入渗过程的应力路径,只考虑其破坏时的应力状态,这会导致对其破机理和稳定性计算参数取值的误判,文章只针对该类问题进行辨析讨论。黄土中地表水的入渗一般有降雨和灌溉两种,伴随降雨入渗多引起斜坡浅层破坏;灌溉导致地下水位上升则引起深层滑移。地表水入渗对斜坡总应力改变不大,水致斜坡破坏主要是孔隙水压力上升,土体有效应力降低所致。非饱和黄土中的初始孔隙水压力为负值,降雨入渗后的浅层黄土仍处于非饱和状态,孔压最大升到0;灌溉会引起地下水位抬升,潜水位下为正的孔隙水压力。明确了孔压变化过程,就可以用有效强度评价边坡稳定性。同时,目前一些观点认为关于流动性黄土滑坡是静态引起,这颠倒了因果关系,是滑移引起了液化,而不是液化导致的滑移。     

现代黄河水下三角洲北部土体固结沉降特征及其对地形变化的贡献研究

The sediments of the modern Huanghe River subaqueous delta are easily to generate settlement and lead to topography change which is due to fast deposition rate, high void ratio, moisture content and compressibility. The sediment consolidation settlements and its contribution to the topography change in the northern modern Huanghe River subaqueous delta are studied based on drilling data, laboratory experiment results, and water depth measurements of different time. The results show that the final consolidation settlement of drill holes in the study area is between 1.17 and 3.21 m, and mean settlement of unit depth is between 2.30 and 5.30 cm/m based on the one-dimensional consolidation theory and Plaxis numerical model. The final consolidation settlement obtained by Plaxis numerical model is smaller than that obtained by the one-dimensional consolidation theory,and the difference is 3.4%–39.9% between the methods. The contribution of the consolidation settlement to the topographical change is at 20.2%–86.6%, and the study area can be divided into five different regions based on different contribution rates. In the erosion area, the actual erosion depth caused by hydrodynamics is lower than the changes of measured water depth, however, the actual deposition amount caused by hydrodynamics is much larger than the changes of water depth obtained by measured data in the equilibrium and deposition areas.     

淤泥质海岸的沉积和砂体

我国淤泥质海岸长达2000公里,是世界淤泥质海岸分布最广的国家之一,是认识世界该类海岸沉积规律必不可少的重要组成部分。淤泥质海岸的研究能为古代同类沉积体系提供对比模式,预测若干沉积矿产的分布,具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文根据多年野外工作成果而写成,旨在对我国淤泥质海岸沉积的几个问题作初步探讨。     

全新世长江三角洲地区砂体的特征和分布

砂体是三角洲的重要沉积单元,它构成三角洲的骨架,决定三角洲的形态,反映三角洲的演变过程,是认识三角洲的关键.砂体的矿物组分能为推断三角洲的物质来源提供重要线索,而其内部特征则是判断沉积环境最灵敏、最可靠的因素.三角洲砂体的上覆和下伏层及其与砂体的接触关系,有助于辩认海进海退和沉积盆地发育历史.此外,三角洲砂体紧靠富含有机质的泥质沉积,是石油和天然气储集的良好场所,是勘探的主要目标.因此,研究三角洲砂体不仅具有理论意义,而且能为沉积矿产资源的勘探提供有价值的资料.     

POSTGLACIAL TRANS6RESSIVE-REGRESSIVE SEQUENCES IN COASTAL AND DELTAIC AREAS IN EAST CHINA SEA

This paper mainly deals with the internal characteristics, and formation of the post-glacial trans-gresnve-regressive sequence, as well as the distribution regularity of the sand bodies, peats and barrier-lagoon systems within post-glacial bed along the coastal and deltaic areas in Eastern China. The internal characteristics of post-glacial transgressive-regressive sequences along the coastal zones over the world are the same as those in Eastern China, and the other Quaternary marine beds arc similar to post-glacial ones in Eastern China. The conclusion, therefore, obtained from the study of postglacial transgressive-regressive sequences may be useful to the study of the other marine beds.     

POSTGLACIAL TRANSGRESSIVE-REGRESSIVE SEQUENCES IN COASTAL AND DELTAICAREAS IN EAST CHINA SEA

This paper mainly deals with the internal characteristics, and formation of the post-glacial trans-gresnve-regressive sequence, as well as the distribution regularity of the sand bodies, peats and barrier-lagoon systems within post-glacial bed along the coastal and deltaic areas in Eastern China. The internal characteristics of post-glacial transgressive-regressive sequences along the coastal zones over the world are the same as those in Eastern China, and the other Quaternary marine beds arc similar to post-glacial ones in Eastern China. The conclusion, therefore, obtained from the study of postglacial transgressive-regressive sequences may be useful to the study of the other marine beds.     

THE CHARACTERISTICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF HOLOCENE SAND BODIES IN THE CHANGJIANG DELTA AREA

The holocene sand bodies in Changjiang delta area may be classified genetically as river mouth sand, marine sand and river channel-filled sand, which are different in external geometry, internal characteristics, spatial distribution and contact with overlying and underlying beds, The sand bodies ate distributed in two-storeyed beds in vertical sequence. The transgressive sands are overlain by regressive ones, and there is a wedge of marine clay between them.     

我国东部沿海一些海岸的海进海退层序三角洲地区

近年来,在我国东部沿海地区广泛开展了第四纪海进调查,发现多个海相层,初步确定了不同地区各个时期海进海退的范围.然而,对每个海相层内部的沉积结构却没有进行足够的研究,而这种沉积结构对认识海进海退的过程、沉积相的空间分布规律,进行地层划分和对比,以及预测石油、天然气,煤层在海陆过渡相地层中的分布都有重要意义.     

东海油气资源区海底沉积物的工程地质特征

根据“灾害地质环境调查与评价”项目1995年11月、1996年6月和1998年10月的航次调查及随后的沉积物样品的试验室分析资料，从物理性质和力学特征各方面对东海油气资源区海底沉积物进行了综合工程地质特征研究。发现本区沉积物结构、剪切特征、含水量和液塑限随深度的变化而变化；本区海底沉积物类型既分布有中砂、细砂和粉砂3种砂性土，也分布有淤泥、淤泥质粘土和粘质粉土3种粘性土，沉积物的物理力学性质与相应的土类变化相一致。