中国湿地初步遥感制图及相关地理特征分析

以1999～2002年累积的597幅Landsat ETM＋遥感影像为数据源,采用人工目视解译为主,同时结合全国高程、土壤、土地利用和Google Earth数据,对全国9ha以上的水面、沼泽等湿地进行了初步遥感制图．在此基础上,利用1km分辨率的全国地形高程数据,1：100万土壤数据、植被数据和1：400万的气候区划数据对湿地分布进行了相关地理特征分析．本次湿地遥感制图得到全国湿地总面积为359478km^2,其中内陆湿地占339353km^2,非农田人工湿地占2786km^2,滨海湿地面积为17609km^2．与我国先期的湿地调查统计数据对比,表明除由于制图标准和调查规范不一致引起的差异外,本次制图结果较可信,且更客观、快速和经济．与相关的土地利用数据、沼泽湿地、海涂资源和《中国沼泽志》记录的沼泽等数据的对比表明,专门针对湿地的制图和定期变化监测十分必要．分析表明全国湿地主要分布在海拔〈600和2600～5000m的区域,93％的湿地分布在3°以内的坡度．湿地中,除水面外,淋溶土、水成土和半水成土占了35．33％．全国湿地土壤碳储量大约为3．67Pg．全国湿地主要分布在中温带和高寒气候区、湿润区,湿地分布更多地与年干燥度有关．湿地内的主要植被类型包括草甸（23．95％）、草原（11．18％）和栽培植被（22.39％）等,沼泽植被仅占湿地面积的4．59％．     

城市陆面模式设计及检验

针对城市冠层模式(Urban Canopy Model,UCM)的各种局限性,本文首次提出整体城市陆面模式(Bulk Urbanized Land Surface Model,BULSM)的概念,即在现有先进的陆面模式的基础上直接构建城市陆面模式。本文在通用陆面模式(Common Land Model,CoLM)基础上构建整体城市陆面模式,根据城市的特点对CoLM进行了发展和重新参数化。模式采用高分辨率地表分类数据;改进了模式的地表能量平衡方程与水分平衡方程;对反照率、城市地表粗糙度、城市大气廓线、城市人为热、不透水面水分蒸发及积水深度等进行了重新参数化。模式保留了CoLM在自然下垫面的全部特性,加强了CoLM在城市或人为下垫面的模拟和预报能力。区域验证以及与CoLM对比结果表明整体城市陆面模式模拟结果能够显示出北京城区各参数的空间精细化分布情况,能够反映出地表分类对模拟结果的影响。单站点验证以及与CoLM和高分辨率城市陆面同化系统(u-HRLDAS)对比结果表明整体城市陆面模式地表温度模拟结果与CoLM相比有很大提高;和u-HRLDAS相比大部分站点地表温度模拟结果也有一定的改进。     

Improvements of a dynamic global vegetation model and simulations of carbon and water at an upland-oak forest

The interest in the development and improvement of dynamic global vegetation models （DGVMs）, which have the potential to simulate fluxes of carbon, water and nitrogen, along with changes in the vegetation dynamics, within an integrated system, has been increasing. In this paper, some numerical schemes and a higher resolution soil texture dataset were employed to improve the Sheffield Dynamic Global Vegetation Model （SDGVM）. Using eddy covariance-based measurements, we then tested the standard version of the SDGVM and the modified version of the SDGVM. Detailed observations of daily carbon and water fluxes made at the upland oak forest on the Walker Branch Watershed in Tennessee, USA offered a unique opportunity for these comparisons. The results revealed that the modified version of the SDGVM did a reasonable job of simulating the carbon and water flux and the variation of soil water content （SWC）. However, at the end of the growing season, it failed to simulate the effect of the limitations on the soil respiration dynamics and as a result underestimated this respiration. It was also noted that the modified version overestimated the increase in the SWC following summer rainfall, which was attributed to an inadequate representation of the ground water and thermal cycle.