耦合形变—扩散对蠕动传播事件引起的水位变化的影响

本文利用线性弹性饱水多孔介质中平面应变剪切位错以速度V平隐运动时产生孔隙压力的耦合形变-扩散解,研究了与间歇性蠕动有关的井水位变化。对于大的Vr/2c(其中r是距位错的距离、c是扩散率),其解接近于Wesson(1981)分析由蠕动事件引起的水位变化所使用的去耦弹性解的形式。这两个解之间的差在距断层平面10个扩散长度内(20c/V)是显著的。更准确地说,耦合解预示着位错后面的孔隙压力改变符号,并在数量上比去耦解预期的要小的多。对于泊松比是0.3、Skempton系数为0.8以及剪切模量为30GPa的非泄漏介质,在V=1公里/天、C=1.0米~2/秒时,耦合解预示每滑动一毫米,最大孔隙压力变化13.7kPa(173毫巴)。耦合解的频谱被限制在一个中心值与V成正比和与从观测点到断层的距离大约成反比的频带上。因此,接近断层平面,耦合解占用的频带可能超过了水井反应的范围。耦合解能用来解释Johnson(1973)观测到的和由Wesson(1981)用去耦解模拟的同一与蠕动有关的水位变化。尽管在岩石材料特性和蠕动事件速度方面存在着不确定性,但耦合解预报的水位变化在幅度上可与实际观测到的变化相比。     

流体孔隙压和断层面的摩擦生热

本文认真分析了地震破裂期间热迁移和流体流动对断层面热、水文学和力学响应的影响。采用数学模拟方法解释热、流体压力和应力场的耦合。结果表明,在地震期间,破裂面受热而达到孔隙流体热膨胀所需要的温度,热膨胀可抵消因流体流动产生的流体损失率和因孔隙膨胀产生的流体容积变化。这种条件一旦确立,孔隙流体增压和剪切强度迅速降低到足以将孔隙流体的热增压维持在岩石静压力值附近。如果初始流体压力是静水压力,那么破裂面上达到的最终温度将随深度而增加,这是因为达到接近岩石静压力值以前能够发生比较大的温度上升。热增压的速率主要取决于周围多孔介质的水力学特点、断层面的摩擦系数和滑动速度。如果渗透率超过10(-15)米~2,或多孔介质的压缩率超过10(-8)/帕,那么热增压起重大作用以前断层面上可能会发生摩擦熔融。如果摩擦系数低于10(-1);并且滑动速度低于10(-2)米/秒,那么在地震期间断层面上的热增压或摩擦熔融是否能引起断层动力剪切强度的降低尚不能确定。     

Evolution of the Extensional Rifted Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi Oceanic Basin During the Late Hercynian to Middle Indosinian Stage

On the basis of exhaustive researches on the facies sequences and depositlonal evolutionary process of various depositional systems, the genetic stratigraphic framework of the extensional rifted oceanic basin, which has undergone strong structural destruction, has been reconstructed by means of dynamic genetic stratigraphic analysis. Five depositional episodes have been distinguished from various isochronous stratigraphic boundaries and stratigraphic sequences with the three-dimensional structure of each depositional episode analysed in detail. The tectonic paleogeographic environment corresponding to different stages of each depositional episode has been reconstructed for individual depositional system tracts. And the evolution history of this rifted basin has been divided into four stages' initial rifting and oceanization of continental crust, stretching and spreading of the basin, subduction and basin differentiation, and convergence and collision. A NNE-trending intracontinental soft collision sutur     

S—型花岗岩及其在北美西南部可能缺失

已经被用来(而且目前仍在继续使用)标定澳大利亚东南部的Lachlan褶皱带(LFB)中S-型花岗岩的一些标准在本文中又做了评述,而且与北美西南部的各种过铝花岗岩进行了比较。根据一些不充分的资料,其中的某些花岗岩已被归类为S-型花岗岩。实际上在LFB中所有的体积巨大的S-型花岗岩是近地表的岩基花岗岩,它们通常与S-型火山岩组合在一起,而不与区域变质岩和混合岩相伴生。这些花岗岩强烈地过铝,堇青石的存在则为一证据。含有原生白云母的花岗岩是很少见的。由于在沉积源岩的形成过程中化学风化作用的结果,所有这类花岗岩是低Na、Ca和Sr的。北美西南部不同时代的过铝花岗岩则有明显的差异。这些花岗岩很少含有堇青石(在LFB中,为S-型花岗岩的一个标志矿物),但是其中的某些花岗岩具有进一步演化的特点,以致结晶出富含Fe—Mn的石榴石。这些花岗岩主要是二云母花岗岩,与LFB中大多数过铝花岗岩相比,其结晶作用发生在水(?)度较高及深度更深的环境下。含堇青石的火山岩(S-型)至今未见报导。北美西南的过铝花岗岩总体上来讲是高Na的。这些岩石的某些具有奥长花岗岩的亲缘性,其母岩浆似乎很象是从遭受过改造的玄武质岩石经部分熔融而产生的。局部出现的某些过铝花岗岩(边缘至准铝型)可能是由于高层位的I-型花岗岩混染所造成的。这些岩石不是S-型花岗岩。到目前为止,仍没有提供充分的证据来证实北美西南部过铝花岗岩是S-型花岗岩。     

作为运动学指示的碎斑体系

糜棱岩中相对坚硬矿物的碎斑通常具有由重结晶物质的尾部所决定的内部单斜对称性。碎斑及其尾部称为‘碎斑体系’。它可以作为有价值的旋涡方向指示物。根据尾部的几何特征可把碎斑体系分为σ-型和δ-型。σ-型有楔形重结晶的尾部,其中线分布在平行于尾部包含体系对称轴的参照面的两侧对边上。σ-型进一步分为σa-型,这种碎斑在相对均匀的基质中是孤零的;和σb-型,其碎斑是与基质中的剪切带叶理相伴出现。典型的σ-型有细长的重结晶的尾部,它的中线横穿邻近碎斑的参照面。接近碎斑的基质物质经常出现湾形,尾部还呈现了明显弯曲。糜棱岩中碎斑体系是与碎斑相邻其质中非共轴流动使碎斑外壳中相对弱功力重结晶颗粒集合体改变其形状而发育起来的。这一习性已在剪切箱的实验中被模拟。利用嵌入硅质油灰的刚性圆柱体周围的波动标志线进行简单剪切实验。这个实验是在不同变形速率条件下逐渐减小刚柱直径去模拟重结晶速率(R)相对变形速率(γ)的变化。R/γ比值决定发育何种碎斑体系的最重要因素之一。高R/γ值时,从碎斑流开的重结晶物质不断地被新生颗粒听补充,同时发育了楔形的σa-型尾部。低R/γ值时,相对地没有多少新生颗粒补充到变细的尾部。由于碎斑的旋转运动产生的牵引作用使尾部偏转。此外,大多数碎斑系统在低剪切应变时是σa-型或不显单斜对称,而σ-型仅在剪切应变中发育。复杂的碎斑体系以两个世代的尾部为特征。可在很多所研究的天然剪切带中见到,在模拟剪切带中由于不稳定的R/γ,也可以形成。用单个的σa-型和σ-型碎斑体系做为旋涡方向的指示物的使用条件是:体系应有一个单斜对称;基质颗粒粒度应小于碎斑的粒度;基质组构是均匀的;变形史简单以及在垂直于糜棱岩中推测的总旋涡向量的切面上进行。     

华北山区大气污染来源的初步探讨

本文仔细考察了华北—山地采样点获得的大气气溶胶元素浓度随气象条件的变化规律和各元素浓度之间的相互关系;发现,气溶胶中由人为污染物形成的那些颗粒物元素的浓度(特别是硫)相当高,其数值与在高度工业化的美国东北部和西欧的工业城市的观测结果相当;颗粒物流的浓度的变化与局地天气条件的变化之间相关性很差,整个观测期间硫的浓度波动也不大,这与地壳灰尘元素的变化规律完全不同。这表明,气溶胶硫污染已经成为较大范围的区域性问题,城市污染可能已影响到广大农村和山区。     

英国气象局新的业务预报系统

一、前言象天气预报这样一种显然并非精确的行业竟能首先使用计算机,确是令人难以置信。早在第一次世界大战期间,曾在英国气象局工作过若干年的英国著名数学家L.F.Richardson就提出了计算机用于天气预报的原理,并于1922年发表文章公诸于世。 Richardson的基本贡献在于他把天气预报作为经典物理学问题之一处理,指出了如何利用数值方法求解的方程。当时的常规天气预报方法是建立     

澳大利亚元古代主要层状贱金属矿床

前言澳大利亚的元古代的主要贱金属矿床(布罗肯希尔、芒特艾萨、麦克阿瑟河矿床)都是根据地表露头发现的。布罗肯希尔矿床是1883年发现的,其地表露头长大于一公里,宽3—40米的富锰铁帽,铁帽中的少量矿物有白铅矿,银的卤化物,磷氯铅矿和少量方铅矿,锌几乎全都淋失了。芒特艾萨矿床是1923年首次发现。含铅—银矿体的直接围岩为黄铁矿化页岩。在地表氧化后成为厚达3米的碧玉或硅化页岩角砾岩,从氧化带开采出的主要矿物为白铅矿和磷氯铅矿,氧化带厚约60米。1947年又在芒特艾萨北20公里的希尔顿区根据出露的铁     

昆士兰州艾萨山镇铜矿石形成物中先存硫化物的作用

昆士兰州西北部的艾萨山镇硫化物矿床,产在已变质成低级绿片岩相的,并在热液活动影响下发生不同程度蚀变的粉砂岩—页岩层序中。形成铅—锌—银矿体的方铅矿和闪锌矿以及细粒黄铁矿,与这些沉积物成互层;而黄铜矿矿化看来已迭加于其上。在最大的矿体-1100矿体中,有一个高品位的块状黄铜矿核,产在黄铁矿矿化强烈的同一层位上;这个核随着黄铁矿的富集而缩小。钴矿物与黄铜矿矿石密切伴生,并表现出与上述情况相同的关系。黄铜矿与黄铁矿的硫同位素值的变化范围相同,表明硫的来源是共同的。黄铁矿层中硫的丰度,并不随着铜品位的增长而增加。这些因素证实组成黄铜矿和富钴硫化物所必需的硫,来自先存地层层序的观点。硫的这种来源,控制了铜、二氧化硅和钴从矿化溶液中的沉积,并为解释铜与铅—锌—银矿石的空间关系提供了联系。     

ENCORE: the effect of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs. Synthesis of results and conclusions

Coral reef degradation resulting from nutrient enrichment of coastal waters is of increasing global concern. Although effects of nutrients on coral reef organisms have been demonstrated in the laboratory, there is little direct evidence of nutrient effects on coral reef biota in situ. The ENCORE experiment investigated responses of coral reef organisms and processes to controlled additions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) on an offshore reef (One Tree Island) at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. A multi-disciplinary team assessed a variety of factors focusing on nutrient dynamics and biotic responses. A controlled and replicated experiment was conducted over two years using twelve small patch reefs ponded at low tide by a coral rim. Treatments included three control reefs (no nutrient addition) and three + N reefs (NH4Cl added), three + P reefs (KH2PO4 added), and three + N + P reefs. Nutrients were added as pulses at each low tide (ca twice per day) by remotely operated units. There were two phases of nutrient additions. During the initial, low-loading phase of the experiment nutrient pulses (mean dose = 11.5 microM NH4+; 2.3 microM PO4(-3)) rapidly declined, reaching near-background levels (mean = 0.9 microM NH4+; 0.5 microM PO4(-3)) within 2-3 h. A variety of biotic processes, assessed over a year during this initial nutrient loading phase, were not significantly affected, with the exception of coral reproduction, which was affected in all nutrient treatments. In Acropora longicyathus and A. aspera, fewer successfully developed embryos were formed, and in A. longicyathus fertilization rates and lipid levels decreased. In the second, high-loading, phase of ENCORE an increased nutrient dosage (mean dose = 36.2 microM NH4+; 5.1 microM PO4(-3)) declining to means of 11.3 microM NH4+ and 2.4 microM PO4(-3) at the end of low tide) was used for a further year, and a variety of significant biotic responses occurred. Encrusting algae incorporated virtually none of the added nutrients. Organisms containing endosymbiotic zooxanthellae (corals and giant clams) assimilated dissolved nutrients rapidly and were responsive to added nutrients. Coral mortality, not detected during the initial low-loading phase, became evident with increased nutrient dosage, particularly in Pocillopora damicornis. Nitrogen additions stunted coral growth, and phosphorus additions had a variable effect. Coral calcification rate and linear extension increased in the presence of added phosphorus but skeletal density was reduced, making corals more susceptible to breakage. Settlement of all coral larvae was reduced in nitrogen treatments, yet settlement of larvae from brooded species was enhanced in phosphorus treatments. Recruitment of stomatopods, benthic crustaceans living in coral rubble, was reduced in nitrogen and nitrogen plus phosphorus treatments. Grazing rates and reproductive effort of various fish species were not affected by the nutrient treatments. Microbial nitrogen transformations in sediments were responsive to nutrient loading with nitrogen fixation significantly increased in phosphorus treatments and denitrification increased in all treatments to which nitrogen had been added. Rates of bioerosion and grazing showed no significant effects of added nutrients. ENCORE has shown that reef organisms and processes investigated in situ were impacted by elevated nutrients. Impacts were dependent on dose level, whether nitrogen and/or phosphorus were elevated and were often species-specific. The impacts were generally sub-lethal and subtle and the treated reefs at the end of the experiment were visually similar to control reefs. Rapid nutrient uptake indicates that nutrient concentrations alone are not adequate to assess nutrient condition of reefs. Sensitive and quantifiable biological indicators need to be developed for coral reef ecosystems. The potential bioindicators identified in ENCORE should be tested in future research on coral reef/nutrient interactions. Synergistic and cumulative effects of elevated nutrients and other environmental parameters, comparative studies of intact vs. disturbed reefs, offshore vs. inshore reefs, or the ability of a nutrient-stressed reef to respond to natural disturbances require elucidation. An expanded understanding of coral reef responses to anthropogenic impacts is necessary, particularly regarding the subtle, sub-lethal effects detected in the ENCORE studies.