再论都市霾与雾的区别

都市霾的出现有重要的空气质量指示意义，而雾或轻雾与特定的天气系统相联系。由于经济规模的迅速扩大和城市化进程的加快，都市霾现象或灰霾天气日趋严重，霾与雾的区分成为一个非常现实，又迫切需要解决的问题。东南沿海各省用相对湿度区分的标准普遍偏低，将大量霾记成了轻雾或雾。实际上近地层大气中每时每刻总是有霾存在的，而雾滴的存在是少见或罕见的；霾滴要想通过吸湿增长成为雾滴，必须有足够的过饱和度，能够越过过饱和驼峰才行，这在自然界并不容易。在非饱和条件下，不但非水溶性的霾不能转化成雾滴，即便是水溶性的霾粒子一般也不可能吸湿转化为雾滴。实测资料表明，出现雾时，极端最小相对湿度是91％，在相对湿度低于90％的情况下，没有观测到雾。降温是达到饱和形成雾滴的最主要、最重要的物理过程，在自然界中的霾滴通过吸湿过程增长成雾滴几乎不可能。历史上我国各级气象部门从来不存在以相对湿度70％界定轻雾与霾的补充规定。区分霾和雾，应该根据影响天气系统的变化，结合宏观特征的各种判据来确定。建议将相对湿度的阈值定为90％，作为区分轻雾与霾的辅助判据是合理的。     

西沙永兴岛降水的酸度及其化学组成

本文对1987年5月在西沙永兴岛的雨水采样进行了分析。在西南季风盛行初期,副热带高压控制下的孤立分散的积雨云降水中,采集了雨量大于0.1mm的5次降雨。采样点设在西沙气象台二楼平台上,距海面约13m,向西距海岸边约70余米;每次采样用一直径45cm的塑料盆(用去离子水冲洗3次),现场测定pH值和电导率,水样装入洁净的聚乙烯塑料瓶中存入冰箱。同期,每隔一周     

多种人体舒适度预报公式讨论

讨论了根据环境温度变化使人体产生对应的舒适感觉，用函数来表达人体感觉的舒适程度，而建立的一系列人体舒适度预报公式的异同。指出了目前的几十种人体舒适度预报公式实际上都是生物气温指标的各种变形。讨论了它们之间的差别，并分析了适用性。     

都市霾与雾的区分及粤港澳的灰霾天气观测预报预警标准

都市霾与雾的区分是迫切需要解决的问题。霾的出现有重要的空气质量指示意义,而雾的记录,有明确的天气指示意义。通常在平面时已达到饱和的水汽压,对相当于球面的云雾滴来讲就是未饱和的,云雾滴就会蒸发;在水汽条件不变时,云雾滴由于蒸发而变小,导致它的平衡水汽压升高,就更易蒸发掉。在不饱和大气中小于数μm的云雾滴必然蒸发,而且伴随着蒸发云雾滴尺度会进一步变小,导致曲率越来越大,蒸发速率越来越快。过去错误认为凝结核可以在低相对湿度(RH)情况下产生凝结生成雾滴的观点,是忽视了粒子曲率作用的结果,将实验室大颗粒(常常达mm量级)的吸湿性特征,延用至次μm粒子造成的。降温是达到饱和形成雾滴的重要物理过程,云雾是低温下饱和气块的可见标志。在云雾中必然存在凝结或凝华过程,因而必然伴随着潜热释放,这就使云雾内的温度高于环境,在云雾内必然盛行微弱的上升气流,不可能是下沉气流,这些宏观过程在霾层内是不存在的,因而成为识别雾与霾的重要的宏观动力条件。在对历史资料进行统计时,在排除降水、吹雪、雪暴、沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘、烟幕等视程障碍现象的情况下,通过调试RH,使雾与轻雾反映自然的年际与年代际气候波动,而霾反映由于人类活动而引起的趋势性变化,其限值大体在90%左右,与美国和英国在讨论霾影响能见度(vis)的长期变化趋势中使用的限值RH<90%相同。20世纪80年代以来大幅增加的霾日,绝大部分是由于人类活动影响的气溶胶细粒子污染造成的。依据上述结果和以前的研究,给出了霾与雾区分的概念模型、霾与雾观测的标准和灰霾天气预警信号发布的标准,并介绍了相关的业务产品。     

Macro-and Micro-Structures of Heavy Fogs and Visibility in the Dayaoshan Expressway

Belonging to the southern subtropical moist type of monsoon climate,the Nanling mountainous area experiences heavy fogs whenever quasi-stationary fronts appear there from September to May.There can be as many as 15-18 days of heavy fogs per month.Fogs have more serious consequences in the Lechang-Ruyuan section of the Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway(the longest expressway in China)that passes through the main part of the Nanling Mts.,where the road rises from 200m to more than 800m above sea level(ASL).For a major motorway in the mountainous areas of Nanling Mts.,two multidisciplinary integrated field observations were carried out,which measured visibility by the naked eyes,visibility by instrument,spectrum of fog- drops,liquid water content(LWC)of fog,tethered sounding,dual-parameter low-level sounding,turbulence diffusion within fog layers,aerosol spectra of size and composition,sampled fog water compositions,and sampled rainwater compositions.Typical cases were probed for their analyses of synoptics,micro- and macro-structures and microphysics.It is understood that heavy fogs take place with high frequency in the area and bring about serious consequences.Being typical advection and upslope fogs,they are in essence low-lying clouds appearing at high altitudes,which are closely related with the activity of South China frontal processes,especially the South China quasi-stationary fronts,and reflect on the role of local terrain as well.The heavy fogs are characteristic of long duration,extremely low visibility,well-organized lump- shaped structure,large-size fog-drops,moderate concentration,high LWC,and stronger turbulent diffusion within the fog layers than in fine sky.They differ much from radiation fogs,which are better documented in previous study in China.It is found that fog LWC is in significant anti-correlation with visibility so that large LWC is associated with small visual range.It is also noted that one of the reasons for the fluctuation of characteristic quantities of micro-structure such as the LWC of fog in the area is,in addition to the inhomogeneous structure of the fog itself,the effect of advection and inhomogeneous underlying surface; during the translation of fog with the ambient wind,irregular upslope and cross-over movement is another reason for the inhomogeneous structure and fluctuation of fog.The spectrum of the aerosol size displays itself as the power function of monotonous descent.The concentration of submicrometer particles is even higher.The high-concentration sulfate particles found in the aerosols of Nanling Mts.are actually good nuclei for condensation,which are favorable for the formation of fog.The presence of fog can help cleanse the trace compositions in the atmosphere so that fog droplets contain high levels of polluting elements.In the meantime,compared to cloud droplets,fog droplets are easier to be captured by the vertical surfaces of objects on the land surface,such as vegetation and buildings to constitute another kird of cleansing process. In vast stretches of forest like the Nanling Mts.,this kind of cleansing may be quite important.Studying the characteristic variation of fogs in the area realistically assists in setting up a forecast and warning system for local fogs and provides basic information for fog dispersal experiments.     

到达地面的紫外辐射强度预报

紫外线指数一般用 0～ 1 5的数字来表示 ,通常规定 ,夜间的紫外线指数为 0 ,在热带高原地区 ,晴天无云时的紫外线指数为 1 5。世界气象组织规定了单位紫外线指数相当于 2 5 m W/m2 红斑加权剂量率。紫外线指数预报大致可分为统计预报方法和模式预报方法两种。统计预报方法主要依赖于高精密度、高准确性的紫外线实测资料和相关的气象要素观测 ;而模式预报方法则主要依赖于对平流层臭氧的预报和大气辐射传输模式的应用     

变分法在校准雷达定量估测降水中的应用

雨量计可以直接测量单点雨强随时间的连续变化,测量精度较高,但雨量计站网的密度不够,往往漏掉强降水、暴雨中心.雷达能实时探测云和降水结构及系统发生、发展演变情况,能迅速提供一定区域的实时降水情况,但雷达测量误差较大,测定局地降水量精度不高,因此雨量计和雷达进行点面结合,采用一定的数学方法将雨量计单点测量精度较高和雷达能测量降水时空分布的优点结合起来,利用雨量计测量校准雷达定量测量降水,可获得比单纯用雷达方法在精度上有很大提高的降水测量结果.     

LONG-TERM VARIATIONS OF FOG AND MIST IN MAINLAND CHINA DURING 1951-2005

Fog is an important indicator of weather. Long-term variations of fog and mist were studied by analyzing the meteorological data from 743 surface weather stations in mainland China during 1951-2005. In climatology, there are more foggy days in the southeast than in the northwest China and more in the winter half of the year than in the summer half. The decadal change of foggy days shows regional variation. Southwest China is the region with the most foggy days, and more than 20 foggy days occur in Sichuan Basin in one year. Persistent heavy fog usually appears in winter and spring over the North China Plain and Northeast China Plain. Misty days are much more frequent in the provinces south of the Yangtze River than in the regions north of it, and there is an obvious increase of misty days after the 1980s. Southwest China is the area with the most number of misty days, and more than 100 misty days occur in Sichuan Basin in a year.     

南岭山地高速公路雾区能见度预报系统

在研究南岭山地浓雾的气候规律，开展了2次多学科综合野外观测，对典型个例进行了天气学分析、雾的宏观结构特征分析、雾的微物理特征分析，在利用数值试验分析了雾生成的物理机制等研究的基础上，研制开发了4种南岭山地京珠高速公路云岩雾区的能见度预报方法，包括：中尺度数值模式产品释用方法、结构预测方法、天气学指标预报方法和动态统计预报方法；并研制了相应的自动化程度高的预测预报系统，与京珠高速公路粤境北段通车同步投入准业务运行，使用雾区路段的5套自动气象站和能见度仪资料，制作的集成预报结果为高速公路行车安全提供服务，经过各种方法的独立预报检验和准业务运行服务的预报结果检验，预报准确率比较高，提供服务的集成预报准确率可达83．3％。