A Comparison of Cloud Layers from Ground and Satellite Active Remote Sensing at the Southern Great Plains ARM Site

Using the data collected over the Southern Great Plains ARM site from 2006 to 2010, the surface Active Remote Sensing of Cloud(ARSCL) and Cloud Sat-CALIPSO satellite(CC) retrievals of total cloud and six specified cloud types [low, mid–low(ML), high–mid–low(HML), mid, high–mid(HM) and high] were compared in terms of cloud fraction(CF), cloud-base height(CBH), cloud-top height(CTH) and cloud thickness(CT), on different temporal scales, to identify their respective advantages and limitations. Good agreement between the two methods was exhibited in the total CF. However, large discrepancies were found between the cloud distributions of the two methods at a high(240-m) vertical grid spacing. Compared to the satellites, ARSCL retrievals detected more boundary layer clouds, while they underestimated high clouds. In terms of the six specific cloud types, more low- and mid-level clouds but less HML- and high-level clouds were detected by ARSCL than by CC. In contrast, the ARSCL retrievals of ML- and HM-level clouds agreed more closely with the estimations from the CC product. Lower CBHs tended to be reported by the surface data for low-, ML- and HML-level clouds; however, higher CTHs were often recorded by the satellite product for HML-, HM- and high-level clouds. The mean CTs for low- and ML-level cloud were similar between the two products; however, the mean CTs for HML-, mid-, HM- and high-level clouds from ARSCL were smaller than those from CC.     

基于DEA-Malmquist模型的中国星级饭店经营效率时空演化研究

构建DEA-Malmquist模型,实证分析中国31个省市区星级饭店2004~2014年技术效率的时空演化特征,通过TOBIT模型分析了技术效率的影响因素。结果显示：星级饭店的技术效率逐年提升,东部地区显著高于中西部地区;星级饭店全要素生产率整体有所提升,东部地区高于中西部地区;经济水平、旅游人次、产业结构和区域开放度等因素对星级饭店技术效率提升具有显著正向影响,而旅游收入、人口城镇化、基础设施和信息化则具有负向影响。针对新常态下星级饭店的效率问题,提出要提升饭店发展质量,切实提高技术效率,重视高新技术应用,持续优化饭店发展环境。     

光学遥感影像智能化处理研究进展

随着对地观测技术的发展,海量遥感影像不断传输到地面。传统的遥感信息处理方法在处理效率、精度上的不足,限制了遥感信息的挖掘及利用,亟需发展智能化方法满足遥感影像处理的需求。受自然界中生物进化机制的启发,基于进化计算的遥感影像智能化处理方法具有以下特点:(1)拥有全局优化能力,对目标函数的优化能力更强;(2)具有自组织、自学习的特点,能够从遥感数据本身学习,不依赖数据分布等先验信息;(3)拥有处理多目标问题的能力,同时考虑多个目标函数而不需要人工确定它们之间的权重。因此,智能化遥感信息处理方法能够在海量遥感影像中有效地提取适用于不同应用目的的信息。本文主要介绍智能化遥感信息处理方法的典型应用包括遥感影像智能化分类(监督分类、聚类)、遥感影像亚像素信息提取(高光谱影像混合像元分解、亚像元制图),并讨论了遥感信息智能化处理方法的发展方向。     

Dynamic and thermodynamic features of low and middle clouds derived from atmospheric radiation measurement program mobile facility radiosonde data at Shouxian,China

By using the radiosonde measurements collected at Shouxian,China,we examined the dynamics and thermodynamics of single- and two-layer clouds formed at low and middle levels.The analyses indicated that the horizontal wind speed above the cloud layers was higher than those within and below cloud layers.The maximum balloon ascent speed(5.3 m s~(-1)) was located in the vicinity of the layer with the maximum cloud occurrence frequency(24.4%),indicating an upward motion(0.1-0.16 ms~(-1)).The average thickness,magnitude and gradient of the temperature inversion layer above single-layer clouds were117±94 m,1.3±1.3℃ and 1.4±1.5℃(100 m)~(-1),respectively.The average temperature inversion magnitude was the same(1.3℃) for single-low and single-middle clouds;however,a larger gradient[1.7±1.8℃(100 m)~(-1)]and smaller thickness(94±67 m) were detected above single-low clouds relative to those above single-middle clouds[0.9±0.7℃(100 m)~(-1) and157±120 m].For the two-layer cloud,the temperature inversion parameters were 106±59 m,1.0±0.9℃ and 1.0±1.0℃(100 m)~(-1) above the upper-layer cloud and 82 ± 60 m,0.6±0.9℃ and 0.7±0.6℃(100 m)~(-1) above the low-layer cloud.Absolute differences between the cloud-base height(cloud-top height) and the lifting condensation level(equilibrium level)were less than 0.5 km for 66.4%(36.8%) of the cases analyzed in summer.     

Zoning patterns of primary halos and their controlling factors in porphyry copper deposits

The primary halos of porphyry copper deposits are characterized by compositional zoning in three dimensions. Two ideal zoning patterns can be divided in accordance with the shape of primary halos in space: bell-shaped and anticline-shaped. In the process of alteration-mineralization, K, Si, (OH), Fe, Cu, Mo, Ag, S, Ba, Rb, Pb, Zn, As, etc. were imported, while Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Ti, Mn, V, Co, Sr, Pb, Zn, etc. were exported or became activated, and then transported and reprecipitated. Both import and export of Fe, Pb and Zn may have taken place. The fundamental factors controlling the zoning of primary halos are: the stability of complexes and the activity of elements; pH, Eh, the behaviour of sulfur and the sulphophile character of elements; the concentration of components and the regularities of isomorphism; temperature and pressure; and tectonic setting and lithological characters of wallrocks. The authors consider that the zoning patterns of primary halos in porphyry copper deposits are the outcome of integrated effects of various factors.     

The 2 Ga peraluminous magmatism of the Jacobina — Contendas Mirante Belt (Bahia) Brazil): Major and trace-element geochemistry and metallogenic potential

The Jacobina — Contendas Mirante belt represents a Transamazonian (2 Ga), N-S, 500-km long, elongated orogenic domain in the central part of the São Francisco craton, Bahia state. Numerous syntectonic to post-tectonic peraluminous leucogranites were emplaced along the major structures of the belt. Their mineralogical and geochemical and some of their metallogenetic characteristics are very similar to their Hercynian and Himalayan equivalents. However, their average peraluminous index varies from one granitic pluton to another and biotite is, on average, slightly more magnesian in the Transamazonian leucogranites. Higher oxygen fugacity is indicated by the general occurrence of magnetite, the stability of allanite and sometimes epidote in most of the plutons and by biotite chemistry. The peraluminous magmatism of the Jacobina-Contendas Mirante belt results from crustal partial melting during a continental collision event at 2 Ga.Trace-element geochemistry implies variable source composition and/or melting conditions for the different granitic plutons and some different facies within the same plutonic unit. The scarcity of ilmenite, the general occurrence of magnetite, and the relatively low peraluminous index of some of these granites suggest that graphite-beating sediments are not a significantly source material. From their mineralogical and geochemical characteristics, acid meta-igneous rocks such as the Sete Voltas TTG suite of presumed Archaean age, seem to represent a suitable source for these granites.Sn, W, Li, F and Be enrichment of most Transamazonian leucogranites is much weaker than in the mineralized Variscan equivalents. The Caetano-Aliança and Riacho das Pedras granites represent the most specialized granitic bodies. Beryl (emerald), molybdenite and scheelite mineralizations are related to some of these granites which intrude ultrabasic formations: the Campo Formoso and the Carnaiba granites. In many of these granites, uranium content is comparable to values measured in mineralized Hercynian leucogranites. The occurrence of hexavalent uranium minerals, mineralization and episyenitic alteration are favourable criteria for finding Variscan-type uranium ore deposits.     

中国城乡协调发展格局特征及影响因素

构建城乡协调发展的理论框架与指标体系,基于GIS技术和ESDA方法揭示中国地级市城乡发展协调空间特征,借助空间计量经济学模型探讨城乡协调发展影响因素。研究结果表明：① 城乡发展协调体系由要素、结构、功能、政策等层级构成,具有层级内协调与层级间互馈特征。② 城乡投资、产业、收入、消费等分项指标均存在明显的空间差异,投资协调指数、产业协调指数、收入协调指数、消费协调指数区域间差距依次减小。③ 城乡协调发展综合指数空间集聚特征明显,东中西分异,高值区集聚在东部沿海地区和中西部少数中心城市地区。④ 经济增长、城镇化、对农投资、消费能力的提高有助于城乡协调发展,教育投资、教育水平、基础设施建设对城乡协调发展的作用仍需进一步加强。     

A Concise Overview on Solar Resource Assessment and Forecasting

China’s recently announced directive on tackling climate change, namely, to reach carbon peak by 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, has led to an unprecedented nationwide response among the academia and industry. Under such a directive, a rapid increase in the grid penetration rate of solar in the near future can be fully anticipated. Although solar radiation is an atmospheric process, its utilization, as to produce electricity, has hitherto been handled by engineers. In that, it is thought important to bridge the two fields, atmospheric sciences and solar engineering, for the common good of carbon neutrality. In this überreview, all major aspects pertaining to solar resource assessment and forecasting are discussed in brief. Given the size of the topic at hand, instead of presenting technical details, which would be overly lengthy and repetitive, the overarching goal of this review is to comprehensively compile a catalog of some recent, and some not so recent, review papers, so that the interested readers can explore the details on their own.     

Data-driven Estimation of Cloud Effects on Surface Irradiance at Xianghe,a Suburban Site on the North China Plain

Clouds are a dominant modulator of the energy budget. The cloud shortwave radiative effect at the surface (CRE) is closely related to the cloud macro- and micro-physical properties. Systematic observation of surface irradiance and cloud properties are needed to narrow uncertainties in CRE. In this study, 1-min irradiance and Total Sky Imager measurements from 2005 to 2009 at Xianghe in North China Plain are used to estimate cloud types, evaluate cloud fraction (CF), and quantify the sensitivities of surface irradiance with respect to changes in CF whether clouds obscure the sun or not. The annual mean CF is 0.50, further noting that CF exhibits a distinct seasonal variation, with a minimum in winter (0.37) and maximum in summer (0.68). Cumulus occurs more frequently in summer (32%), which is close to the sum of the occurrence of stratus and cirrus. The annual CRE is –54.4 W m^–2, with seasonal values ranging from –29.5 W m^–2 in winter and –78.2 W m^–2 in summer. When clouds do not obscure the sun, CF is a dominant factor affecting diffuse irradiance, which in turn affects global irradiance. There is a positive linear relationship between CF and CRE under sun-unobscured conditions, the mean sensitivity of CRE for each CF 0.1 increase is about 1.2 W m^–2 [79.5° < SZA (Solar Zenith Angle) < 80.5°] to 7.0 W m^–2 (29.5° < SZA < 30.5°). When clouds obscure the sun, CF affects both direct and diffuse irradiance, resulting in a non-linear relationship between CF and CRE, and the slope decreases with increasing CF. It should be noted that, although only data at Xianghe is used in this study, our results are representative of neighboring areas, including most parts of the North China Plain.     

优化ZI关系及其在淮河流域面雨量测量中的应用

利用合肥新一代天气雷达2003年6—7月观测数据和地面观测的逐时雨量资料，得到分段最优化Z-I关系，在淠河灌区的水源地响洪甸流域和佛子岭流域进行降水测量。结果表明：强降水阶段流域面雨量，优化Z-I关系后得到的流域累积面雨量与雨量计比值从39％提高到73％，同时相关系数从0．78提高到0．8。528小时时间序列上佛子岭流域在优化Z-I关系之后，流域平均面雨量与雨量计的回归线斜率从0．4提高到0．72，lmm·h^-1以上流域平均面雨量累积值与雨量计累积值的比值从48．4％提高到了85．9％。可见，优化Z-I关系后雷达反演值更接近于雨量观测值，同时雷达定量估测流域面雨量的精度得到很大提高。