施放氢气球时存在的安全隐患及防范措施

针对采用球服务中的安全隐患，提出有效的防范措施，对开展此项工作的同志有很好的借鉴意义。     

秦岭巴山地区高陵─达县重磁剖面初步解释

高陵－达县剖面位于秦岭中段，斜跨中朝准地台、秦岭褶皱系、扬子准地台三大构造单元。在研究剖面实磁场特征的基础上，综合地质、物性、省内及邻省深部物探资料，建立了剖面地质－地球物理模型，依此对剖面通过地段的地壳结构、断裂带深部特征、三大构造单元的深部格架进行了解释推断。     

三层模式背风波的理论研究

文中建立了一个背风波的三层理论模式 ;当三层Scorer参数在中层最大、高层次之、下层最小的情况下 ,利用该模式求得了背风波的理论波长及扰动的解析解 ,并对一个典型的个例计算了其背风波波长 ,并在此基础上分析了背风波波长对上、中、下三层Scorer参数变化的敏感性 ,结果表明波长对中层Scorer参数的变化比较敏感 ,对下层Scorer参数的大小和符号都不敏感 ,但在计算背风波波长时不能忽略下层的Scorer参数。     

基于贝叶斯模型的中国未来气温变化预估及不确定性分析

利用第5次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)中35个全球气候模式历史模拟与RCP4.5预估结果,通过贝叶斯模型平均(Bayesian Model Averaging,BMA)对中国气温进行多模式集合研究,给出了中国未来气温变化预估及其不确定性的时空分布。结果表明,中国21世纪冬夏将持续升温,且升温具有冬季高于夏季,北方高于南方的特点。初期(2016—2035年)北方有很大可能(80%)升温超过0.7℃,南方升温相同幅度的概率则超过50%;中期(2046—2065年)北方和南方升温超过1.5℃的概率分别为80%和50%;末期(2081—2100年),北方(南方)有80%(50%)的可能的升温超过2℃。气温预估的不确定性研究发现,无论冬夏,21世纪不同时期升温相对较弱的塔里木盆地、青藏高原南侧和中国东南地区为不确定性低值区,基本低于0.6℃,对应可信度较高,如21世纪初期信噪比超过4;而不确定性的高值区则主要分布在新疆北部、东北平原北部和青藏高原东南侧等升温相对较大的地区,普遍高于1℃,对应可信度较低,如初期信噪比低于2.5。此外,基于信噪比对比发现除青藏高原东部外,其他区域夏季预估的可信度均高于冬季,21世纪末期高于初期,且空间分布特征一致。     

山东半岛三个旅游城市的旅游气候舒适度分析

该文分析了山东半岛(烟台、青岛和威海市区为代表)2005—2015年夏半年(4—9月)最高温度、相对湿度和风速的气候概况。通过这3种气象要素计算出人体舒适度指数,进而得到影响旅游气候的舒适度:得出山东半岛旅游气候舒适度变化小,在夏半年除4月份外,其他月份舒适度相差不大,其中6月份舒适度最好。山东半岛旅游气候舒适度较好,并且相差不大,其中烟台市和威海市相对湿度和舒适天数要优于青岛市。     

Contribution of phytoliths to total biogenic silica volumes in the tropical rivers of Malaysia and associated implications for the marine biogeochemical cycle

The contribution of phytoliths to total biogenic silica (BSi) volumes in rivers worldwide, and the associated implications for the biogeochemical cycle, require in-depth study. Based on samples from rivers in Peninsular Malaysia, this project investigated the source and characteristics of BSi found in Asian tropical rivers, as well as the process of reverse weathering taking place in these fluvial systems. Results indicated that BSi samples collected in sediments consisted of phytolith, diatom and sponge spicules. Phytoliths, predominantly of the elongate form, comprised 92.8%–98.3% of BSi in the Pahang River. Diatom BSi in this river consisted mainly of pennatae diatoms, but represented a relatively small proportion of the total BSi volume. However, diatom BSi (predominantly of the Centricae form) was more prevalent in the Pontian and Endau Rivers with shares of 68.8% and 79.3% of the total BSi volumes, respectively, than Pahang River. Carbon contents of the BSi particulates ranged from 1.85% to 10.8% with an average of 4.79%. These values are higher than those recorded in other studies to date, and indicate that BSi plays a major role in controlling permanent carbon burial. This study suggests that phytoliths from terrestrial plants are the primary constituents of BSi in the rivers of Peninsular Malaysia, and therefore represent a significant proportion of the coastal silica budget.     

内蒙古西乌旗罕乌拉地区下二叠统寿山沟组碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

中亚造山带南缘二叠纪的构造背景一直存在争议。以内蒙古西乌旗罕乌拉地区发育的寿山沟组为研究对象,开展了野外地质、岩石学、碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄研究。2个样品锆石阴极发光图像和Th/U值指示,锆石为岩浆成因锆石。103颗碎屑锆石年龄测试结果显示,年龄信息可划分为5组:285~328Ma,峰期年龄302Ma;338~361Ma;455~490Ma;757Ma;1278Ma、2380Ma。最年轻的年龄为285Ma,结合侵入其中的花岗岩同位素年龄,指示西乌旗罕乌拉地区寿山沟组沉积时限介于285~280Ma之间,主体沉积时代应为早二叠世Sakmarian期—Artinskian期。寿山沟组碎屑锆石反映出近源、快速沉积的特点,沉积物源中含有较多的火山碎屑物,可能代表弧后盆地沉积,为早二叠世古亚洲洋闭合前洋壳俯冲消减作用的沉积响应。结合区域资料,寿山沟组碎屑锆石的年龄对应于东北地区的变质基底及其后的构造岩浆事件,物源区物质主要来自于苏尼特左旗—锡林浩特—西乌旗一带早石炭世末—晚石炭世岩浆弧及贺根山—东乌旗一带,并进一步限制了华北与西伯利亚两大板块的缝合线应位于寿山沟组发育地区的南部,即索伦缝合带,拼合时代最可能为晚二叠世—早三叠世。     

Extreme deformation characteristics and countermeasures for a tunnel in difficult grounds in southern Shaanxi,China

The Qingling–Bashan (QB) mountain region in southern Shaanxi mainly consists of strongly compressive zones from east to west, with tight folds and compressive fractures. There is a wide distribution of soft rocks of various types, such as phyllite and slate, accompanied by complex geological structures. Ironically, tunnel construction in these difficult grounds with complicated geological conditions embraces a high risk of extreme deformation due to various unpredictable reasons, which can frequently cause collapse and result in budget overruns during the construction period. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct effective countermeasures to eliminate or avoid such adverse impacts. This paper provides a case study on the “Yingfeng tunnel” (a tunnel constructed in soft rock consisting of a slate ground) based on a geological survey, indoor experiments and in situ monitoring. A successive rock mass deformation resulted in the tunnel lining seriously intruding into construction clearance and some other sections, even collapsing during the construction. The maximum displacement amount was 62.5 cm, while the maximum deformation speed reached as high as 34.18 mm/day. Additionally, to evaluate the construction impacts of tunnelling-induced geo-hazards, an investigation on extreme deformation was conducted. Considering the time-dependent features of the rock mass deformation, the constraint-convergence method was used to put forward applicable countermeasures in this paper. Finally, from the feedbacks of monitoring results, extreme deformation of the Yingfeng tunnel was effectively controlled.     

Satellite estimates and subpixel variability of rainfall in a semi-arid grassland

卫星估雨精度的不确定性受到当地降雨类型和像元内降雨非均匀性影响,而结合这两个关键因素开展半干旱草原卫星估雨的研究有限.2009年夏,我们在中国锡林郭勒半干旱草原用多部微雨雷达和雨量计构建了9 km卫星像元降雨观测网,观测了像元内降雨非均匀性(空间变异系数CV),并评估了卫星估雨精度.结果表明:(1)CV值受像元内平均降雨量,降雨类型,降雨云面积及移向等影响,如高Cv值的降雨过程大多为平均降雨量小,对流性降雨过程,降雨云边缘像元CV值较高;(2)TRMM 3B42V7卫星估雨产品适用性较好,CMORPH和PERSIANN次之,但TRMM 3B42V7易在半干旱草原湖泊处高估降雨.     

地球内部物质组成及其性质的研究

地球内部物质组成的研究涉及对地表现象的深入解释,与地球动力学、地球热结构及宇宙演化有着密切的关系.本文综述了这方面的研究结果及近期的进展,指出两种地幔模型的主要分歧点,讨论了地幔中的主要相变及与间断面的关系,对今后研究提出四点意见.