汶川地震引发高速远程滑坡运动机理数值模拟研究——以谢家店子滑坡为例

针对汶川地震引发的谢家店子滑坡,在现场调查分析的基础上,建立了二维离散元数值模拟模型,采用2D-Block软件对其进行了全过程的数值模拟研究,并通过对跟踪块体的深入分析,研究了相应地质体在不同阶段下的运动特征。模拟结果表明,谢家店子滑坡经历了剧动启程抛掷阶段、快速撞击飞行阶段、铲刮减速碎屑流阶段及堆积掩埋阶段。为了揭示地震引发高速滑坡的发生规律,分别研究了地震震级、斜坡地形和斜坡上岩块的尺寸对高速滑坡启动和运动过程的影响规律。地震震级对边坡的启动、变形、破坏和运动有很大的影响,地震震级越大,滑体启动的加速度和速度也就越大,从而易形成高速远程滑坡。斜坡体本身的地形地貌对滑体运动也有较大影响。在震级和岩石力学参数一定的条件下,斜坡上岩块的大小对其启动、变形和运动过程有一定影响,随着岩块的增大,滑体运动的每个阶段历时都在减小,但当岩体十分破碎时,滑体虽然能够运动,但是很难发生抛掷。将地震滑坡的启动机理概括为积累变形效应、振荡启程效应和振荡加速效应。     

Study on the geochemical characteristics of arc-volcanic rocks in the Chiang Rai-Lampang belt of northern Thailand

On the basis of the petrographic characteristics, rock assemblages, petrochemistry, REEs, trace elements and geotectonic settings, the authors described the characteristics of continental marginal arc-volcanic rocks in the Late Permian-Early Triassic (P2-T1) volcanic rocks distributed on the eastern side of the ocean-ridge/oceanic island basalts in the Chiang Mai belt. The volcanic rock assemblage is basaltic andesite-andesite-rhyolite. The volcanic series is dominated by the calc-alkaline series, with the tholeitic series coming next. The chemical composition of the volcanic rocks is characterized by high Al2O3; the REE distribution patterns are of the LREE-enrichment rightward incline type; the large cation elements are highly enriched, and the volcanic rocks are generally enriched in U and Th and depleted in Ti, Cr and P. The petrochemical plot falls within the field of island-arc volcanic rocks, in consistency with the projected points of continental marginal arc-volcanic rocks in the Lancangjiang belt. These continental mar-ginal arc-volcanic rocks, together with ocean-ridge/oceanic island-type volcanic rocks in the Chiang Mai belt, con-stitute the ocean-ridge volcanic rock-arc magmatic rock belts distributed in pairs, indicative of eastward subduction of the oceanic crust in the Chiang Mai belt. This result is of great importance in exploring the evolution of the pa-leo-Tethys in the Chiang Mai belt.     

Review on physical models of lunar brightness temperature

Brightness temperature is a main index to reflect the energy of microwave radiation of an object. Using lunar brightness temperature data, physical properties of lunar regolith, such as thickness, heat flow and dielectric permittivity, could be interpreted. There are two methods to study brightness temperature distribution of the moon: the first is used to measure lunar brightness temperature by radio observation or spaceborne microwave radiometers, and the second is used to simulate calculation by the physical model. On the basis of the measurements of lunar brightness temperature in the history, this study analyzed the main physical model of lunar brightness temperature, also including its theory and influence factors. The authors concluded that surface and subsurface temperatures of the moon, dielectric properties and layered structure of lunar regolith were the main factors affecting the global brightness temperature of the moon. These factors should be quantified in detail in the future research.     

Geochemical characteristics of island-arc volcanic rocks in the Nan-Nam Pat-Phetchabun zone,northern Thailand

Late Permian-Early Triassic (P₂-T₁) volcanic rocks distributed on the eastern side of ocean-ridge and oceanic-island basalts in the Nan-Uttaradit zone were analyzed from aspects of petrographic characteristics, rock assemblage, REE, trace elements, geotectonic setting, etc., indicating that those volcanic rocks possess the characteristic features of island-arc volcanic rocks. The volcanic rock assemblage is basalt-basaltic andesite-andesite. The volcanic rocks are sub-alkaline, dominated by calc-alkaline series, with tholeiite series coming next. The chemical composition of the volcanic rocks is characterized by low TiO₂ and K₂O and high Al₂O₃ and Na₂O. Their REE patterns are of the flat, weak LREE-enrichment right-inclined type. The trace elements are characterized by the enrichment of large cation elements such as K, Rb and Ba, common enrichment of U and Th, and depletion of Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf. The petrochemical plot falls within the field of volcanic rocks, in consistency with the plot of island-arc volcanic rocks in the Jinsha River zone of China. This island-arc volcanic zone, together with the ocean-ridge/oceanic island type volcanic rocks in the Nan-Uttaradit zone, constitutes the ocean-ridge volcanic rock-island-arc magmatic rock zones which are distributed in pairs, indicating that the oceanic crust of the Nan-Uttaradit zone once was of eastward subduction. This work is of great significance in exploring the evolution of paleo-Tethys in the Nan-Uttaradit zone.     

城市非点源污染管理的制度、信息和决策支撑

城市非点源污染对中国水环境的威胁日益加剧。制度不健全、信息基础薄弱和缺少决策支撑是当前城市非点源污染管理的主要制约因素。短期内,改善城市非点源污染管理的首要任务是夯实信息基础。从长远来看,制度的完善是落实城市非点源污染管理的根本保障。发达国家在信息基础建设和制度设计方面的成果和经验对于中国城市非点源污染管理工作有重要的参考价值。此外,先进的决策支撑技术是管理获得预期成效的重要保障。国际上决策支撑技术研究的最新发展动态值得国内相关领域借鉴。     

龙门山及其邻区的地壳厚度和泊松比

根据龙门山及其周边地区(26°～35°N,98°～109°E)的132个台站的宽频带远震记录,使用H-k叠加方法计算地壳厚度和波速比.结果表明该区域的地壳厚度总体变化是:从东向西增加,东部的最小厚度为37.8km,西部的最大厚度是68.1 km,其中横跨龙门山断裂带的地壳厚度变化最大,从东南的41.5km增加到西北的52.5km.根据Airy均衡理论,用台站的高程和观测地壳厚度数据求得最小二乘意义下的壳幔密度差为0.649g/cm3,平均地壳厚度为37.9km.龙门山及其邻近地区基本上处于均衡状态.松潘-甘孜地体北部和西秦岭造山带具有低泊松比(v<0.26),扬子地台的西南部具有低一中泊松比(v<0.27),松潘-甘孜地体南部、三江褶皱带和四川盆地具有中一高泊松比(0.26≤P≤0.29).该地区的泊松比空间分布不支持青藏高原东部广泛分布的下地壳流的假说.龙门山断裂带南段及其附近地区的高泊松比(v≥0.30)可以看成是地壳具有较高的铁镁质组分和/或存在部分熔融.该地区下地壳可能是处于富含流体和温度较高的部分熔融状态.松潘-甘孜块体南部的上地壳物质向东运动,受刚性强度较大的扬子地台的阻挡,导致沿龙门山断裂带产生应变积累.当断层被地壳流体弱化,积累的应变能量快速释放,产生汶川Ms8.0地震.     

青海湖沉积物生物硅的环境意义初步研究

湖泊沉积物中生物硅含量的变化已经被广泛应用于评价湖泊生产力和古气候变化研究,但大型湖泊不同位置生物硅含量的时空变化及其与环境要素之间的关系仍缺乏详细的现代过程研究.通过对青海湖不同位置表层沉积样品的生物硅含量测定,建立其空间分布模式及最近数百年生物硅含量的时间序列.结果表明,青海湖表层沉积物生物硅含量变化范围是1.75%～2.98%,平均值为2.25%.与世界其他湖泊相比,青海湖生物硅含量处于相对较低水平,可能与其特殊的地理位置和气候条件有关.青海湖生物硅含量的空间分布规律与沉积物质量堆积速率以及陆源组分含量(如SiO2)相反,而与化学/生物沉积组分(如CaCO3)含量的空间分布规律大体一致,说明生物硅的空间分布受到陆源碎屑物质的"稀释效应"影响.时间序列上,生物硅含量与SiO2含量呈相反变化趋势,与指示降雨量变化的C/N比值也是反相变化,说明生物硅含量在时间序列上也受与气候条件密切相关的陆源输入的影响.青海湖湖心低沉积速率区域的生物硅指标具有指示古气候变化的潜力.     

洼地开采地下水的地质环境效应研究——以天津市黄港洼应急水源地为例

天津市是我国水资源缺乏、人均占有淡水资源最少的城市之一,也是我国地面沉降最为严重的地区之一。地面沉降现已成为天津市的主要地质灾害,并在一定程度上制约着天津城镇的可持续发展。天津市平原区洼地众多,这些洼地大部分是天津市的湿地分布区。在洼地内建设应急地下水水源地,既可以起到为城区供水,缓解城区的地面沉降,又可以改善洼地生态环境的作用。     

地震过程中斜坡滑动破坏实验分析

为了研究地震引起的斜坡滑动破坏规律及其位移、应变的变化规律,利用数字散斑相关方法(DSCM),对主要受水平方向地震动荷载作用下的斜坡进行了实验模拟。结果表明,斜坡的破坏首先从模型底部弱面位置开始,沿弱面逐渐扩展,最终破坏;斜坡所含弱面的深度,对破坏过程有重要的影响。     

基于灰色理论的地下水埋深预测分析

根据灰色理论预测的基本原理,建立GM（1,1）预测模型,对河北省沧州市东辛店乡地下水位埋深进行实例预测,并对预测结果进行精度检验,分析灰色理论模型在地下水位埋深预测的可行性,结果表明：灰色GM（1,1）可以在数据较少的情况下进行短期预测,且预测精度高,计算简单;另外,通过预测结果和采取措施后的实际水位埋深的比较,可以清晰的看到所采取措施的效果。