新疆冬季雪水资源估算及分布特征

应用2004—2010年EOS/MODIS遥感积雪监测资料,结合新疆89个气象站雪深、雪密度50年的观测记录,估算新疆冬季雪水当量,并对时空特征进行研究。结果表明:① 2004—2010年新疆年雪水当量最大峰值为368.83亿m3(2009—2010年)、最小峰值为93.91亿m3(2006—2007年),最大峰值是最小峰值的4倍左右,且6年中峰值出现的最早和最晚时间相差5旬。② 新疆雪水资源分布存在4个区域:南疆、东疆、伊犁和博州、北疆东北部,不同区域雪水当量峰值出现时间不同。新疆雪水当量峰值应该是4个区域峰值之和。③ 新疆雪水当量50年来呈现年际间的大幅波动,发展趋势沿着斜率为0.083 2的直线上升,表明雪水资源在逐年增多;波动幅度逐步加大,表明雪水资源偏少的年份有时也会发生。     

基于优化-模拟技术的生态库容

为发挥水库在水资源开发利用与河流生态环境问题之间的协调作用,以丹江口水库为例,探讨了综合利用水库生态库容划分方法。以丹江口水库下游襄阳和仙桃为控制断面,采用Tennant法计算下游河道生态流量的参考值。在考虑丹江口水库的防洪、生态、供水、调水、发电、航运等综合任务和汉江中下游水量联系的基础上,建立了综合利用水库的生态库容优化模型,拟定了4组调度规则,应用自适应遗传算法和模拟调度方法进行求解。计算结果表明:设置生态库容后的调度图能较好地满足控制断面对生态流量的需求,获得较佳综合利用效益。     

Characteristics of water circulation and balance of typical vegetations at plot scale on the Loess plateau of China

Large-scale artificial afforestation has aggravated the water scarcity and resulted in the severe soil desiccation in the Loess plateau of China. Understanding the water circulation processes and the water balance characteristics of typical vegetations is of great significance to the vegetation restoration in the Loess plateau of China. Based on field observation from May to October in 2004, the soil desiccation under five vegetations was investigated in the Liudaogou watershed on the Loess plateau of China. Moreover, the water circulation and balance of them at plot scale were also studied. The results showed that among these five vegetations, the degree of soil desiccation under alfalfa and caragana was more severe than that under defarming grassland, millet and soybean, and there existed the dried soil layers under caragana and alfalfa. The dynamic of the soil water storage under five vegetations was quite similar and the soil water storage in the five runoff plots followed the order: defarming grass > millet > soybean > caragana > alfalfa. The order of runoff amount in the five plots was soybean > millet > defarming grass > alfalfa > caragana. The water consumption (ET) of five vegetations followed the order: caragana > alfalfa > defarming grass > soybean > millet. The results indicated that the greater the evapotranspiration of one vegetation, the higher the possibility to develop the soil desiccation under it. The findings provided helpful reference for the vegetation restoration and environment improvement programs in the Loess plateau of China.     

台风期间海洋飞沫对海气湍通量的影响研究

本文以2006年9月日本以南海域的台风YAGI为例,应用黑潮延伸体附近的KEO浮标观测资料,并结合卫星遥感等融合资料,分析海洋飞沫在台风不同发展阶段对海气界面间热量通量和动量通量的影响。首先,定量地分析台风期间海洋飞沫对海气热通量的影响。结果表明,在台风YAGI过境期间,海洋飞沫能够显著地加剧海气界面间的热量交换,尤其是潜热交换。海洋飞沫增加的热通量随着风速的增强而增大,随着波龄的增大而减小。随后,通过动量分析表明,在台风YAGI过境期间,海洋飞沫显著地增强了由大气向海洋的动量转移。当风速达到台风量级后,考虑海洋飞沫所增加的动量通量与界面动量通量大小相当,同时,在此风速条件下,海洋飞沫在海气界面形成极限饱和悬浮层,抑制风到海表面的动量转移,导致海气界面间总的动量通量的增长率随之减小。     

基于单CCD尺寸检测的摄像机标定方法

为提高机械零件尺寸检测的精度,针对Tsai两步标定法中初始参数不精确的问题,提出了基于直线投影约束的三步标定方法.该方法首先利用直线投影约束条件求解出图像中心点和畸变参数的初始值,然后结合径向排列约束条件求解超定方程组得出全部外部参数和余下内部参数值,最后对全局参数进行非线性优化.为验证提出方法的效果,通过建立基于图像模板的世界坐标系实现,即首先利用图像像素坐标求取摄像机坐标,再将摄像机坐标进行归一化,利用外参数矩阵就可以求解出图像点的世界坐标.结果表明,该方法可以有效提高摄像机标定的精度,像素误差可达0.126 5像素点,单目视觉尺寸检测中任意两点距离误差小于0.41%.     

Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis of the δ 18 O record of NGRIP ice core

The multifractal properties and scaling behaviors of the long-term and recent 2000-year δ ¹⁸ O records of NGRIP ice core are investigated by the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis method. The generalized Hurst exponents, multifractal scaling exponents, and singularity spectrums of two δ ¹⁸ O records are derived to verify the multifractiality of two records. And the multifractal behaviors of two records are obviously different, which may reflect the climate change of the recent 2000-year time is quite different from one of the long-term time. In addition, the probability distribution analysis of two δ ¹⁸ O records is presented to manifest the different multifractality between two δ ¹⁸ O records of NGRIP ice core. Our results will be helpful to research the climate change.     

Multimodel ensemble projections of future climate extreme changes in the Haihe River Basin,China

Exploring the characteristic of the extreme climatic events, especially future projection is considerably important in assessing the impacts of climatic change on hydrology and water resources system. We investigate the future patterns of climate extremes (2001–2099) in the Haihe River Basin (HRB) derived from Coupled General Circulation Model (CGCM) multimodel ensemble projections using the Bayesian Model Average (BMA) approach, under a range of emission scenarios. The extremes are depicted by three extreme temperature indices (i.e., frost days (FD), growing season length (GSL), and T _min >90th percentile (TN90)) and five extreme precipitation indices (i.e., consecutive dry days (CDD), precipitation ≥10 mm (R10), maximum 5-day precipitation total (R5D), precipitation >95th percentile (R95T), and simple daily intensity index (SDII)). The results indicate frost days display negative trend over the HRB in the 21st century, particularly in the southern basin. Moreover, a greater season length and more frequent warm nights are also projected in the basin. The decreasing CDD, together with the increasing R10, R5D, R95T, and SDII in the 21st century indicate that the extreme precipitation events will increase in their intensity and frequency in the basin. Meanwhile, the changes of all eight extremes climate indices under A2 and A1B scenarios are more pronounced than in B1. The results will be of practical significance in mitigation of the detrimental effects of variations of climatic extremes and improve the regional strategy for water resource and eco-environment management, particularly for the HRB characterized by the severe water shortages and fragile ecological environment.     

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Analgesis and wound healing effect of chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan on scalded rats

Analgesis and wound healing effect of chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan on scalded rats were investigated. A II degree scald model was established in rats, which was subsequently treated with chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan solution, respectively. The concentration of bradykinin and 5-hydroxytryptophan was detected by assaying enzyme-linked immunosorbent. Healing condition was observed and pathological sections were made to determine the healing effect of chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan. Results showed that the concentration of bradykinin and 5-hydroxytryptophan peaked at the third hour post-wound in all groups, while the concentration of hydroxyproline peaked at the seventh day post-wound in both chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan group. The concentration of bradykinin and 5-hydroxytryptophan of carboxymethyl chitosan group was significantly lower than that of control (P < 0.05), while that of chitosan group was similar to that of control (P > 0.05). These findings indicated that carboxymethyl chitosan reduced the concentration of algogenic substances, resulting in analgesia. During the whole recovery process, the hydroxyproline concentration in chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan group on day 3 and 7 was significantly higher than that of control (P < 0.01); however the significance of such a highness decreased on day 14 (P < 0.05). These findings indicated that chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan accelerated tissue repair. Meanwhile, chitosan performed better in healing than carboxymethyl chitosan in both decrustation and healing time. In conclusion, carboxymethyl chitosan showed significant analgesis and wound-healing promotion effect, but chitosan only showed wound-healing promotion effect.     

Response of diatom community in Lugu Lake (Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau,China) to climate change over the past century

A mean annual temperature increase has been recorded on the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau of China during the last century. This temperature increase has been significantly greater since the 1950s. Thus, paleolimnological analyses may be utilized to better understand ecological responses to recent changing climate over decadal to centennial timescales, especially in regions with sparse lake monitoring data. Here, we present paleolimnological results from a ²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs-dated sediment core spanning approximately the last ~250 years from a remote, alpine, semi-closed oligotrophic lake (Lugu Lake) on the northwestern Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau. Sediment profiles of diatoms, geochemical variables (LOI₅₅₀, TOC and C/N) and median grain size were analyzed and compared with the climate data (1951 AD–2010 AD) from the Lijiang weather station. Endogenous productivity of Lugu Lake has increased gradually over the last 30 years. The majority of diatom taxa encountered in the core are typical of alkaline oligotrophic lakes. Diatom assemblages were dominated by Cyclostephanos dubius, Cyclotella taxa, and fragilarioid taxa. Diatom species composition has changed significantly with three assemblage shifts at different scales over the ~250-year period. Diatom species diversity reveals a distinct increase before ~1970 AD, followed by a decline. In addition, a decreasing trend in diatom cell-size was consistent with recent warming trends. Redundancy analysis (RDA) shows that regional air temperature trends (annual, spring, summer, and winter) have played a significant role (p < 0.05) in determining diatom compositional changes over the past six decades. Results of this study suggest that regional warming is the main driving force behind recent changes in diatom composition at Lugu Lake, while nutrients may also have impact on the diatom change in recent 10 years.